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Psychology > Chapter 7 - Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Pavlov’s success suggested a scientific model for how the young discipline of psychology might proceed: by isolating the basic building blocks of complex behaviors and studying them with _____ laboratory procedures.

A

objective

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1
Q

Janine’s uncle comes to visit for a few days. He is a yoga instructor and practices yoga in Janine’s living room on a daily basis. Near the end of his visit, Janine suddenly flops to the ground and does her best imitation of one of her uncle’s poses. Thus she has learned via _____.

A

observation

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1
Q

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking isn’t necessarily the best way to control their child’s behavior. Which of the following arguments should she use to support her position?

  1. All of these arguments support her position to avoid spanking.
  2. Spanking can create fear in children.
  3. Spanking provides a model of aggressive behavior as a tool for problem solving.
  4. When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior. They simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place.
A
  • All of these arguments support her position to avoid spanking.
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3
Q

John has been a coffee drinker since he started college three years ago. He finds that anytime he smells coffee when he enters a nearby Starbucks he starts to feel more alert and awake even before he takes his first sip of coffee. This is an example of:

  1. spontaneous recovery.
  2. operant conditioning.
  3. classical conditioning.
  4. law of effect.
A

classical conditioning.

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3
Q

A variable-ratio schedule reinforces behavior after a:

a. certain amount of time.
b. varying amount of time.
c. set number of responses.
d. varying number of responses.

A

d

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3
Q

Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding.

  1. decreases; decreases
  2. has no effect on; has no effect on
  3. decreases; increases
  4. increases; decreases
A

decreases; increases

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4
Q

In classical conditioning, the _____ is a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response.

A

unconditioned stimulus

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4
Q

_____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

A

Positive reinforcement

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5
Q

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n) _____.

A

unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

In _____ conditioning an organism’s biological predispositions determine that organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones.

A

operant

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5
Q

Parents who model reading, helpful behavior, and nonviolent responses are likely to increase _____ behavior in their children.

A

prosocial

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6
Q

An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?

A
  • NS = tone before procedure;
  • US = air puff;
  • UR = blink to air puff;
  • CS = tone after procedure;
  • CR = blink to tone
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7
Q

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company’s fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ______________ schedule.

  1. fixed-ratio
  2. variable-interval
  3. variable-ratio
  4. fixed-interval
A
  • variable-interval
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8
Q

Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?

A

Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and, as a result, learn associations–often without our awareness. For example, we may have eaten a sweet pastry with a cup of coffee often enough to associate the flavor of the coffee with the treat, so that the cup of coffee alone just doesn’t seem right anymore!

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9
Q

In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, “Little Albert” learned to fear a white rat after repeatedly experiencing a loud noise as the rat was presented. In this experiment, what was the US? The UR? The NS? The CS? The CR?

A

The US was the loud noise; the UR was the fear response; the NS was the rat before it was paired with the noise; the CS was the rat after pairing; the CR was fear.

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9
Q

With _______ conditioning, we learn associations between events we do not control. With _________ conditioning, we learn associations between our behavior and resulting events.

A

classical, operant

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9
Q

Three-year-old Kirsten was playing with a balloon she was given by her father. While playing with the balloon it popped in her face, which frightened her and caused her to cry loudly. That weekend she was attending a birthday party, saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of:

  1. classical conditioning.
  2. operant conditioning.
  3. observational learning.
  4. the law of effect.
A

classical conditioning

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10
Q

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea best illustrates:

  1. spontaneous recovery.
  2. latent learning.
  3. shaping.
  4. delayed reinforcement.
A

spontaneous recovery.

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11
Q

Whenever Tamika tries to talk on the telephone, her 10-year-old son Jamal repeatedly interrupts her. If Tamika wanted to use operant conditioning principles to successfully alleviate the behavior, the most efficient response would be to:

  1. ignore Jamal’s attempts to talk to her while she is on the phone.
  2. send Jamal to his room every time he interrupts Tamika while she is on the phone.
  3. reward Jamal for not interrupting her during a phone call.
  4. tell her friend that she will call her back and immediately attend to whatever it was that Jamal wanted.
A
  • reward Jamal for not interrupting her during a phone call.
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11
Q

_______________ occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later.

  1. Proactive interference
  2. A flashbulb memory
  3. Retroactive interference
  4. Relearning
A
  • Proactive interference
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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the significant findings of Pavlov’s research in classical conditioning?

  1. Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms.
  2. Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively.
  3. Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment.
  4. Almost all human and animal behaviors, including voluntary behaviors, can be shaped through classical conditioning.
A

Almost all human and animal behaviors, including voluntary behaviors, can be shaped through classical conditioning.

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13
Q

What conditioning principle is affecting the snail’s affections?

``I dont care if shes a tape dispenser, I love her

A

Generalization

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13
Q

The reason why abusive parents raise aggressive children and why wife-beating husbands had wife-beating fathers is because of the _____ effects of this sort of modeling.

A

antisocial

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15
Q

In Bandura’s experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model’s aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll.

  1. unable
  2. equally
  3. much more likely
  4. much less likely
A
  • much more likely
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16
Q

Pauline is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Pauline patiently watches. Pauline then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. This is an example of _____ learning.

A

observational

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17
Q

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children’s behavior?

  1. Skinner
  2. Watson
  3. Bandura
  4. Pavlov
A

Bandura

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18
Q

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?

  1. lemonade with the immune-enhancing drug
  2. minor electric shock with the immune-enhancing drug
  3. the immune-enhancing drug followed by a tone
  4. the immune-enhancing drug followed by a puff of air into the eye
A
  1. lemonade with the immune-enhancing drug
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18
Q

Leonard is a heroin addict. He is very careful about overdosing. He typically shoots up in his basement apartment, but is now at a friend’s house and needs a fix really badly. He’s never done drugs at his friend’s house before, but he’s desperate. He injects his normal “safe” dosage of heroin but almost dies of an overdose. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what happened?

  1. Leonard’s friend switched his drugs in order to teach him not to use drugs by switching his US with his CS.
  2. Leonard took his dose too soon and his body already had too much.
  3. The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body could not use the stimuli in his basement to prepare for it.
  4. Leonard’s drug tolerance had reached its limits thus his US was confounded with his CS and UR.
A

The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body could not use the stimuli in his basement to prepare for it.

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19
Q

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates:

  1. an unconditioned response (UR).
  2. generalization.
  3. operant conditioning.
  4. discrimination.
A

2

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21
Q

Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior.

  1. respondent; operant
  2. hidden; observable
  3. controllable; uncontrollable
  4. voluntary; involuntary
A

respondent; operant

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23
Q

In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:

  1. after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again.
  2. the neutral stimulus was presented before the conditioned response.
  3. the tone was sounded again and again without presenting food to the dogs.
  4. the tone was sounded again and again while presenting food to the dogs.
A
  • after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again.
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24
Q

Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a(n) _______ behavior; pressing a bar to obtain food is a(n) _______ behavior.

A

respondent; operant

26
Q

In classical conditioning situations, the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the _____ is unlearned.

A

unconditioned response

27
Q

Wanda is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. The ability in which Wanda seems to have reduced function is called:

  1. classical conditioning.
  2. operant conditioning.
  3. observational learning.
  4. theory of mind.
A
  • theory of mind.
28
Q

The law of effect most clearly influenced:

  1. Skinner’s experiments on reinforcement.
  2. Pavlov’s studies of conditioned salivation.
  3. Garcia and Koelling’s research on taste aversion.
  4. Watson and Rayner’s findings on fear conditioning.
A

Skinner’s experiments on reinforcement.

28
Q

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

  1. conditioned stimulus (CS).
  2. unconditioned stimulus (US).
  3. conditioned reinforcer (CR).
  4. negative reinforcer.
A
  • unconditioned stimulus (US).
29
Q

Which of the following measures of retention is the LEAST sensitive in triggering retrieval?

  1. recognition
  2. They are all equally sensitive.
  3. recall
  4. relearning
A
  • They are all equally sensitive.
30
Q

Critics of _____ were concerned that he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.

A

Skinner

32
Q

Money is to extrinsic reward as enjoyment of an activity is to _____ reward.

A

intrinsic

33
Q

The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called ________. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is ________.

A

acquisition, extinction

34
Q

Which of the following factors would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning?

  1. models who commit violent acts but go unpunished
  2. the socioeconomic status of the observer
  3. models perceived as somehow different from the observer
  4. models who are not respected by the observer
A
  • models who commit violent acts but go unpunished
36
Q

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that:

  1. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations.
  2. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles.
  3. his research methods were flawed.
  4. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
A
  • he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
37
Q

In classical conditioning _____, while in operant conditioning _____.

  1. we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence; we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events
  2. we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence
  3. we learn through observation; we learn through imitation
  4. we learn by avoiding punishment; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence
A

2

38
Q

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

  1. observable behavior.
  2. cognitive processes.
  3. emotional outcomes.
  4. genetic predispositions.
A

1

39
Q

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via:

  1. neural networks.
  2. classical conditioning.
  3. observation.
  4. operant conditioning.
A

observation

40
Q

Studies using fMRI showed brain activity related to actual pain is mirrored in the brain of a subject observing a loved one’s suffering. Empathy in the brain shows up in the _____ areas of the brain, but not in the somatosensory cortex, which receives the physical pain input.

A

emotional

42
Q

Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. The fact that rats seem to experience latent learning suggest that _____ processes are involved in operant learning.

A

cognitive

42
Q

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):

  1. conditioned stimulus (CS).
  2. conditioned response (CR).
  3. unconditioned response (UR).
  4. unconditioned stimulus (US).
A
  • unconditioned response (UR).
43
Q
A
45
Q

Taste aversion is a real-life example of which of the following types of learning?

  1. insight conditioning
  2. observational learning
  3. classical conditioning
  4. latent learning
A
  • classical conditioning
46
Q

Watson and Rayner taught “Little Albert” to fear white rats by:

  1. showing Albert movies of children being bitten by rats.
  2. showing Albert a white rat and then punishing him when he touched it.
  3. negatively reinforcing Albert when he approached a rat.
  4. repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.
A

4

48
Q

In observational learning, the most effective models are those:

  1. who use inconsistent actions and words.
  2. who are respected only a little by the general population.
  3. likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable.
  4. who are perceived as different from the observer.
A
  • likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable.
51
Q

Billy is “hammering” a nail with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of _____.

A

modeling

52
Q

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through:

  1. instinctual learning.
  2. classical conditioning.
  3. observational learning.
  4. operant conditioning.
A

4

54
Q

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate:

  1. that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others because of biological preparedness.
  2. that the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be only a few seconds, or classical conditioning will not occur.
  3. that any neutral stimulus is capable of becoming a conditioned stimulus.
  4. the power of punishment to suppress behavior.
A

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others because of biological preparedness.

55
Q

__________________ behavior operates on the environment, whereas, ________________ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

  1. Involuntary; voluntary
  2. Operant; respondent
  3. Respondent; operant
  4. Uncontrollable; controllable
A
  • Involuntary; voluntary
56
Q

B.F. Skinner believed that external influences, not _____, shape animal and human behavior.

  1. positive reinforcement
  2. negative reinforcement
  3. thoughts and feelings
  4. unconscious influences
A

thoughts and feelings

57
Q

In a famous experiment, John Garcia gave novel food to one group of rats and familiar food to another group of rats. Both groups of rats were made to vomit. According to Garcia’s work, the rats given the _____ food would develop an aversion to their food.

A

novel

58
Q

Mirror neurons are found in the brain’s ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for ______________.

  1. temporal lobe; observational learning
  2. temporal lobe; operant conditioning
  3. frontal lobe; classical conditioning
  4. frontal lobe; observational learning
A
  • frontal lobe; observational learning
59
Q

Four-year-old Tommy developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother’s house he demonstrated no fear of climbing the steps to her front door. Unlike Little Albert’s fear of white rats and other white items, Tommy was demonstrating _____.

A

discrimination

60
Q

Jamal wanted to train his dog to sit and lay down when he commanded the behavior. Jamal should use _____ conditioning to train his dog.

A

operant

62
Q

Match the examples (1–5) to the appropriate underlying learning principle (a-e):

a. Classical conditioning
b. Operant conditioning
c. Latent learning
d. Observational learning
e. Biological predispositions

  1. Knowing the way from your bed to the bathroom in the dark
  2. Your little brothers getting in a fight after watching a violent action
    movie
  3. Salivating when you smell brownies in the oven
  4. Disliking the taste of chili after being violently sick a few hours after
    eating chili
A
  1. c,
  2. d,
  3. a,
  4. e,
  5. b
63
Q

In slasher movies, sexually arousing images of women are sometimes paired with violence against women. Based on classical conditioning principles, what might be an effect of this pairing?

A

If viewing an attractive nude or semi-nude woman (a US) elicits sexual arousal (a UR), then pairing the US with a new stimulus (violence) could turn the violence into a conditioned stimulus (CS) that also becomes sexually arousing, a conditioned response (CR).

64
Q

Operant conditioning strengthens behavior through the:

a. repetition of an action.
b. consequences that occur.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. neutral stimulus.

A

b

65
Q

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur and is this psychologist’s principle.

  1. Pavlov
  2. Skinner
  3. Thorndike
  4. Garcia
A

Thorndike

66
Q

e of Pavlov’s major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

  1. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
  2. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines, but not other organisms.
  3. an organisms’ behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement.
  4. dogs anticipate and expect events.
A
  1. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
67
Q

_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

A

Operant

68
Q

You have been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. You are successful, and a couple of weeks later you come into work and your boss presents you with a bonus check. This best illustrates the value of:

  1. positive reinforcement.
  2. secondary reinforcement.
  3. negative reinforcement.
  4. erratic behavior.
A
  • positive reinforcement.
69
Q

Jane had Leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is:

  1. the unconditioned response.
  2. the neutral stimulus.
  3. the conditioned stimulus.
  4. the conditioned response.
A
  • the unconditioned response.
70
Q

If the aroma of cake baking sets your mouth to watering, what is the US? The CS? The CR?

A

The cake (and its taste) are the US. The associated aroma is the CS. Salivation to the aroma is the CR.

71
Q

In classical conditioning, biological predispositions _____ what stimuli and responses can be easily associated.

A

constrain

72
Q

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking isn’t necessarily the best way to control their child’s behavior. Which of the following arguments should she use to support her position?

  1. Parents who spank are more effective parents.
  2. When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior. They simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place.
  3. Spanking will help the child reduce his or her own aggressive behavior in the future.
  4. Spanking will teach a child how to behave appropriately.
A

When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior. They simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place.

73
Q

. Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information about:

  1. time.
  2. Automatic processing is the unconscious, effortless encoding of all of these things.
  3. frequency.
  4. space.
A
  • Automatic processing is the unconscious, effortless encoding of all of these things.
74
Q

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:

  1. a response and its consequences.
  2. two stimuli.
  3. something observed and its consequences.
  4. a neutral stimulus and a reward.
A
  • two stimuli
75
Q

Money is an example of a:

a. primary reinforcer.
b. secondary reinforcer.
c. positive punishment.
d. negative punishment.

A

b

76
Q

All of the following are major contributions of Pavlov’s to the field of psychology EXCEPT the idea that:

  1. significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively.
  2. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.
  3. principles of learning apply across species.
  4. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
A

2

77
Q

Telemarketers are reinforced by which schedule? People checking the oven to see if the cookies are done are on which schedule? Airline frequent-flyer programs that offer a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel are using which reinforcement schedule?

A

Telemarketers are reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule (after varying number of calls). Cookie checkers are reinforced on a fixed-interval schedule. Frequent-flyer programs use a fixed-ratio schedule.

78
Q

Which of the following factors would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning?

  1. models who are not respected by the observer
  2. models who commit violent acts but go unpunished
  3. models perceived as somehow different from the observer
  4. the socioeconomic status of the observer
A
  • models who commit violent acts but go unpunished
79
Q

Every time Martin opens the cabinet where he stores his dog’s treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of _____ learning.

A

associative

Psychology (9 decks)

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