Chapter 5

Question 1

Dr. Matsuko’s major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a _____ psychologist.

1. social
2. cognitive
3. developmental
4. school

Answer 1

developmental

Question 2

_______________: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Answer 2

schema

Question 3

____________________: in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Answer 3

sensorimotor stage

Question 4

______________: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 4

object permanence

Question 5

________________: in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Answer 5

egocentrism

Question 6

________________: in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Answer 6

preoperational stage

Question 7

________________: people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Answer 7

theory of mind

Question 8

_____________________: in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Answer 8

concrete operational stage

Question 9

________________: in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Answer 9

formal operational stage

Question 10

According to Jean Piaget, during this stage of cognitive development, object permanence and stranger anxiety are the developmental phenomena that occur.

1. formal operational
2. sensorimotor
3. preoperational
4. concrete operational

Answer 10

sensorimotor

Question 11

Beginning at around _____ months, children may greet strangers by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.

Answer 11

8

Question 12

You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?

1. The fetus has tripled its size.
2. The cells of the fetus are beginning to differentiate.
3. The cells of the zygote are beginning to differentiate.
4. The embryo has doubled its size.

Answer 12

The cells of the zygote are beginning to differentiate.

Question 13

Carolyn Rovee-Collier’s research on infants revealed specific, but not generalized, _____ learning.

Answer 13

motor

Question 14

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by _____ and his cognitive development theory.

Answer 14

Paiget

Question 15

A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child’s nose before placing him in front of a mirror. The child points to the rouge on the mirror’s reflected image. From this example we can conclude that the child lacks self-_____.

Answer 15

awareness

Question 16

Jake is a 3-month-old baby who is no longer as interested in a puppet head as he once was. What has happened here?

1. He has an inborn preference for the new stimulus.
2. He has developed a visual preference
3. He has categorized the new stimuli.
4. He has become habituated.

Answer 16

He has become habituated.

Question 17

Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, “Kitty, kitty.” His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. This best illustrates the process of:

1. accommodation.
2. conservation.
3. assimilation.
4. habituation.

Answer 17

assimilation.

Question 18

Ferris is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Ferris was moved from one foster family to another. He was never adopted. It is most likely that Ferris will:

1. have a great drive to succeed, but avoid attachments.
2. become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies.
3. become a normal adult with average intelligence.
4. have anxiety and lower intelligence.

Answer 18

have anxiety and lower intelligence.

Question 19

A school psychologist works with a teenage student who has lower intelligence, is hyperactive, and has behavior problems. What other problems might the psychologist suspect?

1. drinking
2. sexual orientation
3. drug use
4. smoking

Answer 19

drinking

Question 20

Ten-year old Marie is sad. She is crying. Her older brother Paul looks at her and then continues watching TV. Paul may be showing signs of _____.

Answer 20

autism

Question 21

A game of peek-a-boo with his dad excites Finn during the first six months of his life because Finn actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because Finn lacks _____.

Answer 21

object permanence

Question 22

Noah is a 3-month-old baby who is staring intently at the new person who just came in to visit his parents. What has happened here?

1. He has remembered the original stimulus.
2. He has an inborn preference for the new stimulus.
3. He has categorized the new stimulus.
4. He has become habituated.

Answer 22

He has an inborn preference for the new stimulus.

Question 23

Every time 2-year old Rosa goes near the stove, her mother stops her and says, “No, hot!” Rosa’s mother is:

1. helping her learn object permanence.
2. providing her with a scaffold.
3. teaching her to think abstractly.
4. showing her how to conserve.

Answer 23

• providing her with a scaffold.

Question 24

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?

1. His hippocampus was not developed enough.
2. He suffered a traumatic event that erased his memory.
3. His earliest memories were erased due to maturation.
4. The pruning process did not allow him to retain his memories.

Answer 24

• His hippocampus was not developed enough.

Question 25

Mary’s inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is most likely due to:

1. use of punishment instead of rewards.
2. the pruning process.
3. maturation.
4. infantile amnesia.

Answer 25

• maturation.

Question 26

Imagine that 10-year-old children were shown photographs of 3-year-old preschoolers and asked to spot former classmates. What were the probable results?

1. They remember the children with whom they were still friendly.
2. They recognized one out of three former classmates.
3. They were accurate 90 percent of the time.
4. They forgot all of their classmates.

Answer 26

They forgot all of their classmates.

Question 27

_____ are the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.

1. Mature sex characteristics
2. Pubescent sex characteristics
3. Secondary sex characteristics
4. Primary sex characteristics

Answer 27

Primary sex characteristics

Question 28

During adolescence, according to Jean Piaget, most individuals achieve the ____ operations stage of intellectual development.

Answer 28

formal

Question 29

Another word for a sense of self is _____.

Answer 29

identity

Question 30

_____ sex characteristics are the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.

Answer 30

Primary

Question 31

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

1. postconventional
2. unconventional
3. conventional
4. preconventional

Answer 31

preconventional

Question 32

Wilbur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Wilbur is in the stage of development called _____ vs. despair.

Answer 32

integrity

Question 33

_____ is to a girl’s sexual development as _____ is to a boy’s sexual development.

1. Adolescence; menarche
2. Menarche; spermarche
3. Secondary sex characteristic; primary sex characteristic
4. Testosterone; progesterone

Answer 33

Menarche; spermarche

Question 34

Artina is 13 years old and is always telling her mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

Answer 34

conventional

Question 35

Jason is 16 years old. One day he has blonde hair; the next day it is green. One day he looks “goth” and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason’s parents be worried?

1. No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.
2. Yes, Jason is clearly asking for help.
3. Yes, these behaviors often lead to alcohol abuse.
4. No, if he didn’t experiment, he might end up with a poor self-concept.

Answer 35

No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.

Question 36

______________: the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.

Answer 36

social identity

Question 37

_____________: in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Answer 37

intimacy

Question 38

______________________: nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Answer 38

secondary sex characteristics

Question 39

Naseem is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Naseem is more likely to experiment with _____.

Answer 39

sex

Question 40

Malcolm was contemplating dropping out of high school when he was asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week he worked in a local daycare center, helping the children with their projects. The children appreciated his help. After a few months, it is likely that Malcolm will:

1. decide to stay in school and become a teacher.
2. ask permission to start a day-care center in his school.
3. drop out and work full time in the daycare center.
4. feel better about himself and not drop out.

Answer 40

feel better about himself and not drop out.

Question 41

Jenny has a great job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the “right man.” She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Most likely Jenny is struggling with _____ issues.

Answer 41

intimacy

Question 42

Daniel just celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company. He feels that his gold watch is just a meaningless trinket and is glad that he is able to balance his work with family life. Daniel is probably feeling:

1. guilty that he doesn’t work harder.
2. a sense of purpose.
3. confused about his role in life.
4. isolated from his coworkers.

Answer 42

a sense of purpose.

Question 43

Fred just retired from his job. He feels that his gold watch is just a meaningless trinket. He is sad that he spent so much time at work and missed important family events. Most likely Fred is struggling with issues of _____.

Answer 43

despair

Question 44

_____ is to a girl’s sexual development as spermarche is to a boy’s sexual development.

Answer 44

Menarche

Question 45

Donna’s parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:

1. grow taller than her peers.
2. turn to drugs and alcohol as a teenager.
3. have a less developed cortex as an adult.
4. mature at an earlier age.

Answer 45

mature at an earlier age.

Question 46

Shannon is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family. She does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn’t understand how her parents still go every week. Shannon has become able to see the _____ in her parents’ lives.

1. hopelessness
2. hypocrisy
3. abstractness
4. values

Answer 46

hypocrisy

Question 47

Twenty-five-year-old Jonah is wondering whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. For a man his age, his doctor will likely tell him that the average rate of production is:

1. about 1,000 per second.
2. about 100 per second.
3. about 10,000 per second.
4. about 100,000 per second.

Answer 47

about 1,000 per second.

Question 48

From ages _____ to _____, the brain’s neural network is sprouting most rapidly in the _____ lobes.

• 3; 6; frontal
• 3; 6; parietal
• 4; 6; occipital
• 4; 8; temporal

Answer 48

3; 6; frontal

Question 49

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by _____ and his cognitive development theory.

Answer 49

Piaget

Question 50

Basic trust as a tenet of social development was proposed by:

1. Erik Erikson.
2. Konrad Lorenz.
3. Jean Piaget.
4. Harry Harlow.

Answer 50

Erik Erikson.

Question 51

Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, “Kitty, kitty.” His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. This best illustrates the process of:

1. accommodation.
2. conservation.
3. assimilation.
4. habituation.

Answer 51

assimilation.

Question 52

A school psychologist works with a teenage student who has lower intelligence, is hyperactive, and has behavior problems. What other problems might the psychologist suspect?

1. sexual orientation
2. drinking
3. drug use
4. smoking

Answer 52

drinking

Question 53

Julia was born in France. For the first 3 years of her life, she spoke both French and English. Then she moved to the United States. From age 3 on, she only spoke English. Now, as a high school student, Julia will study French. It is most likely that she will:

1. remember all the French she learned as a baby.
2. have an easy time learning French.
3. speak English with a French accent.
4. speak with a genuine French accent.

Answer 53

speak with a genuine French accent.

Question 54

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

1. neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.
2. an increase in her association areas.
3. a decrease in production of neurons.
4. maturation of her cortex.

Answer 54

neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.

Question 55

Research participants are presented with the following scenario: “There is a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you throw a switch that diverts the trolley onto another track, where one person will die. Will you throw the switch?” What is this scenario measuring?

1. conventional thinking
2. post-conventional thinking
3. formal operational thinking
4. moral intuition

Answer 55

moral intuition

Question 56

Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life we face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task that infants wrestle with is:

1. competence vs. inferiority.
2. autonomy vs. shame.
3. initiative vs. guilt.
4. trust vs. mistrust.

Answer 56

trust vs. mistrust.

Question 57

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

1. postconventional
2. unconventional
3. preconventional
4. quasi-conventional

Answer 57

• postconventional

Question 58

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing:

1. insecure attachment.
2. egocentrism.
3. role confusion.
4. fluid intelligence.

Answer 58

• role confusion.

Question 59

At 19, Bianca is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Bianca’s neurons have probably started to _____.

Answer 59

prune

Question 60

Thirteen-year-old Erin and her mother were in a car accident. Her mother was fine, but Erin had a cut on her forehead. When the EMT came over to her, Erin would be most likely to say:

1. “I’m fine. It’s just a little scratch.”
2. “It was the other driver’s fault.”
3. “Don’t look at me. I must look terrible.”
4. “Check my mother first.”

Answer 60

• “Don’t look at me. I must look terrible.”

Question 61

Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as:

1. adolescence.
2. the formal operational stage.
3. emerging adulthood.
4. second childhood.

Answer 61

• emerging adulthood.

Question 62

Curt is 17 years old. He has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Curt has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

Answer:

Answer 62

postconventional

Question 63

According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:

1. both positive and negative identities.
2. intimacy with others.
3. postconventional morality.
4. abstract thinking.

Answer 63

intimacy with others.

Question 64

Max is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Max knows that this will look good on his college applications. Max is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

1. conventional
2. postconventional
3. unconventional
4. preconventional

Answer 64

conventional

Question 65

Parvati has a great job, a cat named Peanut, and 30 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the “right man.” She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Most likely Parvati is:

1. struggling with intimacy issues.
2. feeling guilty about not having children.
3. confused about her identity.
4. in despair over being single.

Answer 65

struggling with intimacy issues.

Question 66

Peter is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Peter knows that this will look good on his college applications. Peter is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

Answer 66

conventional

Question 67

For older people, which of these is easiest to remember?

1. skills
2. unimportant events
3. verbal recall
4. names

Answer 67

skills

Question 68

John is 58 years old and is worried about Alzheimer’s disease. He asks what he can do to prevent it. You give him the following advice:

1. take an genetic test.
2. take a brain scan.
3. keep your mind active.
4. check your sense of smell.

Answer 68

keep your mind active.

Question 69

___________________: research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Answer 69

longitudinal study

Question 70

_______________________: a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Answer 70

cross-sectional study

Question 71

Cross- _____ studies are studies in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Answer 71

sectional

Question 72

Those who emphasize _____ over stability would suggest that the first two years of life provide a poor basis for predicting a person’s eventual traits.

Answer 72

change

Question 73

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of:

1. continuity or stage development.
2. cognitive or psychosocial development
3. secure or insecure attachments.
4. cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.

Answer 73

continuity or stage development.

Question 74

Teen impulsivity is to frontal lobe development, as old age _____ is to frontal lobe atrophy.

Answer 74

bluntness

Question 75

______________: the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Answer 75

social clock

Question 76

Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to ________ and to _______.

Answer 76

love

work

Question 77

What are some of the most significant challenges and rewards of growing old?

Answer 77

Challenges: decline of muscular strength, reaction times, stamina, sensory keenness, cardiac output, and immune system functioning. Rewards: positive feelings tend to grow, negative emotions are less intense, and risk of depression often decreases.

Question 78

Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages of _____, such as denial before anger.

Answer 78

grief

Question 79

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issues of _____ or change.

Answer 79

stability

Question 80

In grade school, Jessica thought boys had “cooties” and refused to be within inches of them. Now in high school, she flirts with boys and is anticipating dancing close with some of them at an upcoming dance. Her attitude towards boys represents:

1. the continuity side of the “continuity and stages” developmental issue.
2. the change side of the “stability and change” developmental issue.
3. the stability side of the “stability and change” developmental issue.
4. the nature side of the “nature and nurture” developmental issue.

Answer 80

the change side of the “stability and change” developmental issue.

Question 81

Brooke and Andrew, a married couple in their 30s, have a 2-year old child. They are most likely to feel _____ contentment out of life.

Answer 81

more

Question 82

All of the following are difficult for older adults EXCEPT:

1. time-based tasks.
2. memorizing nonsense syllables.
3. vocabulary.
4. recalling words.

Answer 82

vocabulary.