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Psychology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The proper order of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, and _____.

A

genital

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2
Q

According to the text, in one survey, _____ percent of university students believed that painful experiences commonly get pushed out of awareness and into the unconscious.

A

88

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3
Q

Carl Jung proposed the concept of the collective _____.

A

unconscious

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4
Q

Mary’s husband has been cheating on her for the past several months. While apparent to many of her friends, she is able to explain away evidence of his infidelity. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is she using?

A

denial

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5
Q

According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, the __________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain

A

Ego

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6
Q

According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, the __________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification

A

id

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7
Q

According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, and the __________ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (our conscience).

A

superego

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8
Q

In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during the first three psychosexual stages may lead to __________ at that stage.

A

fixation

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9
Q

Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate __________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against __________.

A

unconsciously; anxiety

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10
Q

Steve struggles with feelings of inferiority that in turn drive him to seek superiority and power. The theorist _____ wrote about cases like Steve when discussing the inferiority complex.

A

Alfred Adler

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11
Q

Although Greg has accumulated many tickets for a wide range of traffic infractions, he complains all the time to family and friends about other peoples’ driving. Sigmund Freud would describe this as _____, while today researchers would describe this as _____.

  1. projection; identification
  2. false consensus effect; projection
  3. projection; false consensus effect
  4. Oedipus complex; false consensus effect
A
  • projection; false consensus effect
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12
Q

The projective test known as the _____ test seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of a certain type of abstract pictorial representation.

A

Rorschach inkblot

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13
Q

According to Freud, the part of the mind that is an impulsive mechanism is the:

a. id.
b. ego.
c. superego.
d. dynamic unconscious.

A

id

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14
Q

_____ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person; this attitude nurtures growth in others.

  1. Self-actualization
  2. Unconditional positive regard
  3. Reaction formation
  4. The Electra complex
A

Unconditional positive regard

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15
Q

Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of:

  1. an external locus of control.
  2. reciprocal determinism.
  3. priming.
  4. a positive self-concept.
A
  • a positive self-concept.
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16
Q

_____ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait.

  1. Regression toward the mean
  2. Correlational analysis
  3. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
  4. Factor analysis
A

Factor analysis

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17
Q

One of the Big Five personality factors is:

  1. reciprocal determinism.
  2. self-actualization.
  3. agreeableness.
  4. psychoanalysis.
A

agreeableness.

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18
Q

According to Abraham Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for _____.

A

self-transcendence

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19
Q

Starke Hathaway is to _____ as Alfred Binet is to _____.

  1. personality measurement; intelligence measurement
  2. intelligence; personality
  3. Austria; France
  4. introversion; extraversion
A
  • personality measurement; intelligence measurement
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20
Q

Around the world, people describe others’ personality traits in terms that seem to be consistent with a set of factors called:

  1. defense mechanisms.
  2. psychosexual stages.
  3. the hierarchy of needs.
  4. the Big Five.
A

the Big Five.

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21
Q

Elena has been in therapy for two months. When she began therapy, her therapist asked her to describe herself as she would ideally like to be and as she actually is. He explained that when these two descriptions are nearly alike, the person is thought to have a positive _____.

A

self-concept

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22
Q

Psychologists would use _____ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (e.g., ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance).

A

factor analysis

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23
Q

What are the Big Five personality factors

A

The Big Five personality factors are conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), openness, and extraversion (CANOE).

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24
Q

The Big Five personality factor known as_____ involves the following endpoints: sociable versus retiring and affectionate versus reserved.

A

extraversion

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25
Q

A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest being genuine with them and showing them unconditional _____ regard.

A

positive

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26
Q

All of Ernest’s basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Abraham Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his need for _____.

A

self-esteem

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27
Q

Maslows Heiarchy of needs, list from least to greatest

A

physiological needs

personal safety

seek to love

self-esteem

self-actualization

self-transcendence

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28
Q

Dr. Smith is attempting to develop a new personality test. As part of the process she needs to identify clusters of related items. For this she will probably need to apply _____.

A

factor anaylsis

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29
Q

_____ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

  1. Sigmund Freud
  2. Albert Bandura
  3. Abraham Maslow
  4. Carl Rogers
A
  • Albert Bandura
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30
Q

According to the text, people are often most overconfident when they are most:

  1. incompetent.
  2. anxious.
  3. pessimistic.
  4. self-actualized.
A

incompetent.

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31
Q

According to the text, several studies have shown that _____ percent of business managers and more than _____ percent of college professors rated their performance as superior to that of their average peer.

  1. 60; 70
  2. 90; 90
  3. 80; 80
  4. 80; 90
A

90; 90

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32
Q

The _____ perspective involves the concept of reciprocal determinism.

  1. trait
  2. social-cognitive
  3. psychoanalytic
  4. humanistic
A
  • social-cognitive
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33
Q

People who have an external locus of control believe that chance or outside forces determine their fate. People who have a(n) _____ locus of control believe that they control their own destiny.

A

internal

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34
Q

Your 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to:

  1. try out many possible selves.
  2. focus on others.
  3. feel what the spotlight effect is like.
  4. commit the self-serving bias.
A
  • try out many possible selves.
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35
Q

_____ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

A

Bandura

36
Q

Susan failed her psychology test despite studying all night. She realized that she should have been studying days prior to the exam rather than pulling an all-nighter. She only blames herself for her grade. She would be said to have:

  1. personal control.
  2. belief perseverance.
  3. an external locus of control.
  4. an internal locus of control.
A
  • an internal locus of control.
37
Q

When you noticed that you had spilled coffee on your new shirt, you overestimated that other people at the meeting would notice. Your reaction best illustrates:

  1. the Barnum effect.
  2. the self-reference effect.
  3. the spotlight effect.
  4. reciprocal determinism.
A
  • the spotlight effect.
38
Q

Albert Bandura proposed the__________ – __________ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term__________.

A

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

39
Q

Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through _____ or by observing and imitating others.

A

conditioning

40
Q

You image the self you want to be: a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming: a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of possible _____.

A

roles

41
Q

Albert Bandura proposed the _____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____.

  1. social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism
  2. psychodynamic; reciprocal determinism
  3. social-cognitive; self-actualization
  4. reciprocal determinism; social-cognitive
A

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

42
Q

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Thomas Gilovich termed this the _____ effect.

A

spotlight

43
Q

Seth is young man who considers himself to be very successful, and who enjoys the finer things in life. He makes a lot of money, and spends it on clothes, cars, gambling, and women. Most psychologists would agree that Seth seems to display a high level of:

  1. narcissism.
  2. overconfidence.
  3. displacement.
  4. pessimism.
A
  • narcissism.
44
Q

After experiencing prolonged and seemingly inescapable physical abuse from her husband, Kayla became increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her situation. Her reaction best illustrates:

  1. an Electra complex.
  2. the spotlight effect.
  3. learned helplessness.
  4. defensive self-esteem.
A

learned helplessness.

45
Q

Researchers attempt to understand personality using biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. Analysis at the psychological level is especially likely to emphasize the importance of _____ style.

A

attributional

46
Q

Martin Seligman strapped dogs into a harness and repeatedly shocked them. The dogs could not avoid the shocks. Later, placed in a situation where they COULD escape the shocks, the dogs cowered as if without hope. This passive resignation is known as _____.

A

learned helplessness

47
Q

Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as _____.

A

reciprical determanisim

48
Q

___________ an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

A

Personality

49
Q

____________________: an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

A

psychodynamic theories:

50
Q

________________: in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

A

free association

51
Q

_____________________: in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

A

psychoanalysis

52
Q

________________: according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

A

unconscious

53
Q

_____________: a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

A

Id

54
Q

___________: the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

A

ego

55
Q

___________: the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

A

superego

56
Q

define psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

57
Q

____________: the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.

A

identification

58
Q

_________: according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

A

fixation

59
Q

___________: in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

A

Defense Mechanisim

60
Q

________________: the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

A

Rorschach inkblot test

61
Q

__________________: Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

A

collective unconscious

62
Q

______________: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

A

repression

63
Q

__________________: view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

A

humanistic theories

64
Q

_______________: a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

A

projective test

65
Q

______________________________: a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

A

terror-management theory

66
Q

________________: according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

A

self-actualization

67
Q

_______________________: a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

A

unconditional positive regard

68
Q

_________________: all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

A

self-concept

69
Q

___________: a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

A

trait

70
Q

___________________: a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

A

personality inventory

71
Q

_______________________________: the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

72
Q

______________: a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

A

empirically derived test

73
Q

____________________________: views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

A

social-cognitive perspective

74
Q

____________________: the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

A

reciprocal determinism

75
Q

____________________: the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.

A

personal control

76
Q

_________________________: the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

A

external locus of control

77
Q

________________: the perception that you control your own fate.

A

internal locus of control

78
Q

___________: the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

A

self-control

79
Q

_________________: the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

A

learned helplessness

80
Q

___________________: the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

A

positive psychology

81
Q

________: in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

A

self

82
Q

_________________: overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

A

spotlight effect

83
Q

____________: one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

A

self-esteem

84
Q

_________________: a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

A

self-serving bias

85
Q

_________________: excessive self-love and self-absorption.

A

narcissism

86
Q
A

Psychology (9 decks)

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