chapter 25 vocabulary words

Question 1

1. Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

“the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine. ”

Question 2

2. Enclosures

Answer 2

“one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.”

Question 3

3. Crop Rotation

Answer 3

“the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land. ”

Question 4

4. Industrialization

Answer 4

“the development of industries for the machine production of goods. ”

Question 5

5. Factories

Answer 5

“a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods.”

Question 6

6. Eli Whitney p. 720

Answer 6

“invented a machine to speed the chore. His cotton gin multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned.”

Question 7

7. James Watt, p. 721

Answer 7

“a mathematical instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, thought about the problem for two years. In 1765, figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel.”

Question 8

8. Entrepreneur

Answer 8

“a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.”

Question 9

9. Robert Fulton, p. 721

Answer 9

“ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt. He built a steamboat called the Clermont, which made its first successful trip in 1807. The Clermont later ferried passengers up and down New York’s Hudson River.

Question 10

10. Urbanization

Answer 10

“the growth of cities and the migration of people into them.”

Question 11

11. Middle Class

Answer 11

“a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.”

Question 12

12. Luddites, p. 726

Answer 12

“ was said to have destroyed weaving machinery around 1779. The attacked whole factories in northern England beginning in 1811, destroying laborsaving machinery. Outside the factories, mobs of workers rioted, mainly because of poor living and working conditions.”

Question 13

13. Samuel Slater, p. 729

Answer 13

“emigrated to the United States. There, built a spinning machine from memory and a partial design.”

Question 14

14. Stock

Answer 14

“or certain rights of ownership. ”

Question 15

15. Corporation

Answer 15

“a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts. ”

Question 16

16. Laissez-faire

Answer 16

“the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses.”

Question 17

17. Adam Smith

Answer 17

“a professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations. According to, economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. As a result, government should not interfere. arguments rested on what he called the three natural laws of economics:

Question 18

18. Capitalism

Answer 18

“an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit.”

Question 19

19. Socialism

Answer 19

“an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.”

Question 20

20. Karl Marx

Answer 20

“introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism”

“outlined their ideas in a 23-page pamphlet called The CommunistManifesto.

Question 21

21. Friedrich Engels, p. 736

Answer 21

“a German whose father owned a textile mill in Manchester, outlined their ideas in a 23-page pamphlet called The CommunistManifesto.

Question 22

22. Communism

Answer 22

“an economic system in which all means of production—land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally. ”

Question 23

23. Unions

Answer 23

“an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.”

Question 24

24. Collective Bargaining, p. 738

Answer 24

“negotiations between workers and their employers.”

Question 25

25. Strike

Answer 25

“to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands.”

Question 26

26. Edward Jenner, p. 628

Answer 26

“introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox. Inoculation using live smallpox germs had been practiced in Asia for centuries. ”

Question 27

27. Louis Pasteur, p. 764

Answer 27

“n the mid-1800s. While examining the fermentation process of alcohol, discovered that it was caused by microscopic organisms he called bacteria. He also learned that heat killed bacteria. This led him to develop the process of pasteurization to kill germs in liquids such as milk. Soon, it became clear to and others that bacteria also caused diseases”

Question 28

28. Henry Bessemer

Answer 28

Sir Henry Bessemer was an English engineer, inventor, and businessman. Bessemer’s name is chiefly known in connection with the Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel.

Question 29

29. Cottage Industries

Answer 29

• or small scale industry may be defined to be an enterprise or series of operationscarried out only by a workman skilled in the craft on his own responsibility, the finished products of whichhe markets himself.
• a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home.