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Clinical Medicine > Exam #3: Heart > Flashcards

Exam #3: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Angina

A

Severe, often constricting pain; caused by reduced arterial blood to myocardium, which reduces oxygen supplied to the myocardial cells; causes injury and ischemia and the sharp precoridal pain directly related to cardiac ischemia; usually referred to as angina pectoris

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2
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Loss of rhythm; denotes especially an irregularity of the heartbeat

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3
Q

Atherosclerotic Heart Disease

A

Narrowing of the small blood vessels of the heart

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4
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow beating of the heart, usually at a rate of less than 60 per minute

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5
Q

Bruit

A

Harsh or musical intermittent auscultatory sound, especially an abnormal one

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6
Q

Bacterial Endocarditis

A

Bacterial infection of the endothelial layer of the heart and valves

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7
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

Excessive fluid accumulation between the pericardium & the heart

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8
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

a failure of the heart to pump effectively resulting in congestion within the pulmonary and systemic circulation of the heart

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9
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to chronic lung disease

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10
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

ischemic myocardial necrosis due to decreased blood flow to a segment of the myocardium

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11
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium

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12
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of the heart

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13
Q

Palpitations

A

Forcible or irregular pulsation of the heart, perceptible to the patient, usually with an increase in frequency or force, with or without irregularity in rhythm

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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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15
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibrous sac encasing the heart

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16
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid beating of the heart, conventionally applied to rates over 100 bpm

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17
Q

Thrill

A

A fine, palpable sensation

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18
Q

Parasternal Heave

A
  • Place right hand to left of sternum with fingers toward neck
  • Note if heel of hand is lifted w/ each heartbeat (heave)
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19
Q

Aortic Valve Auscultation

A

2nd right intercostal space at right sternal border

20
Q

Pulmonic Valve Auscultation

A

2nd left intercostal space at the left sternal border

21
Q

Erb’s Point

A
  • Aortic & Pulmonic Sounds

- 3rd intercostal space at the left sternal border

22
Q

Tricuspid Valve Auscultation

A

4th left intercostal space at left lower sternal border

23
Q

Mitral Valve Auscultation

A

5th left intercostal space at midclavicular line

24
Q

Grade I Murmur

A

Very faint, heard only after the listener has “tuned in;” may not be heard in all positions

25
Q

Grade II Murmur

A

Quiet, but heard immediately after placing the stethoscope on the chest

26
Q

Grade III Murmur

A

Moderately Loud

27
Q

Grade IV Murmur

A

Loud, with palpable thrill

28
Q

Grade V Murmur

A

Very loud, with thrill. May be heard when the stethoscope is partly off the chest

29
Q

Grade VI Murmur

A

Very loud, with thrill. May be heard with the stethoscope entirely off the chest.

30
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal

31
Q

How does the phrenic nerve relate to angina felt during MI?

A
  • Signals from the phrenic nerve project to the dermatomes in anginal pain
  • “C3,4, &5 keep the diaphragm alive”
32
Q

C3

A

Jaw

33
Q

C4

A

Neck

34
Q

C5

A

Arm Pain

35
Q

S1

A

The “first” heart sound produced by turbulence created when the mitral & tricuspid valves close

36
Q

S2

A
  • The “second” heart sound produced by turbulence when the aortic & pulmonic valves close
  • Note that A2 precedes P2 b/c of higher aortic pressure
37
Q

S3

A
  • Third heart sound created when blood flows passively from atria to ventricle
  • In young athletic individuals, this is normal
  • In the elderly, this is abnormal
38
Q

S4

A
  • Fourth heart sound created by turbulent blood flow in a ventricle as the atrium contracts to eject any remaining blood during late diastole
  • Occurs when there is diminished ventricular compliance e.g. hypertrophy
39
Q

What is the diaphragm of the stethoscope best for?

A

S1, S2 & Lung Sounds

40
Q

What is the bell of the stethoscope best for?

A

S3, S4 & Murmurs

41
Q

How are heart murmurs named?

A

1) Grade
2) Where in the cycle
3) Sound Shape
4) Sound Quality
5) Heart Loudest
6) Radiation

42
Q

Ejection Click

A

Turbulence produced when blood flow is abnormal across a semilunar valve

43
Q

Aortic Ejection Click

A
  • Heard early in systole
  • High-pitched
  • Often radiates into the carotids
  • NOT affected by respiration
44
Q

Pulmonic Ejection Click

A
  • Heard in early systole
  • Less intense than aortic
  • Intensifies on expiration
  • Diminishes on inspiraiton
45
Q

Opening Snap

A

Sound of a deformed mitral valve opening during diastole, heard in cases of mitral valve stenosis

  • High pitched
  • Sharp snap or click
  • Not affected by respiration

Clinical Medicine (27 decks)

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