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PPO II > Intro to Low Vision > Flashcards

Intro to Low Vision Flashcards

1
Q

About how many people are blind?

A

39 million

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2
Q

About what percentage of all visual impairment can be avoided or cured?

A

80%

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3
Q

What is the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide?

A

Uncorrected refractive errors

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4
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in middle and low income countries?

A

Cataracts

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5
Q

What is considered being visually impaired?

A 
About 20/70 or worse
Peripheral vision loss
Scotomas
Diplopia
Distortions
Central vision loss
Loss in contrast sensitivity
Depth perception problems
Visual perception problems
Extreme photophobia
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6
Q

What are the 3 leading causes of visual impairment in the United States?

A

AMD
Diabetic retinopathy
Glaucoma

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7
Q

What is low vision?

A

Reduced vision not correctable by glasses, contacts, medicine or surgery

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8
Q

What problems are included under the title, “visual impairment”?

A 
Reduced visual acuity
Contrast sensitivity
Visual field loss
Photophobia
Diplopia
Visual distortion
Visual perceptual difficulties
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9
Q

What is a visual disorder?

A

Anatomical change caused by diseases of the eye

- They may not affect a person’s function

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10
Q

What is a visual impairment?

A

A functional loss that results from a visual disorder

-Ex. Reduced visual acuity, constricted peripheral field, photophobia…

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11
Q

What is a visual disability?

A

Limitations in a person’s skills and abilities

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12
Q

What are some examples of visual disabilities?

A

Inability to: read, write, drive, self-care, travel, managing finances, seeing people’s faces, preparing meals

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13
Q

What is a visual handicap?

A

Phychosocial and economic consequences of vision loss, as well as environmental barriers

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14
Q

What is the definition of legal blindness in the US?

A

Best corrected VA is 20/200 or worse in the better eye, OR peripheral vision less than 20 degrees in the better eye

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15
Q

What is considered low vision?

A

Best corrected VA of 20/70

Less than 20 degrees of peripheral field

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16
Q

Total blindness is also known as what?

A

No light perception

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17
Q

What is low vision rehab?

A

Teaching patients to use their remaining vision and/or other senses effectively and efficiently by modifying activities that have become difficult due to vision loss

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18
Q

How does LV rehab optimize the patients existing vision?

A 
Prescribed optical devices
Adaptive technology
Non-optical aids
Absorptive filters
Rehab techniques
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19
Q

What are some of the different things done in a VR exam vs. as standard exam?

A 
Detailed functional case history
Obtain VA differently
Trial frame refraction
Central field test
Contrast sensitivity
Optical device testing
20
Q

How do you greet a person with visual impairment?

A

Introduce yourself
Ask if they would like assistance
Speak clearly
Use appropriate voice leve

21
Q

How do you make someone unsteady more comfortable when acting as a sighted guide?

A

Bend your arm so they have something more sturdy to hang on to

22
Q

What is the goal of distance visual acuity?

A

To obtain the best measurable acuity

23
Q

What isn’t allowed in low vision if they can’t see the biggest letter on the chart?

A

Using your fingers as the target

24
Q

What is the gole standard for low vision distance VA charts?

A

ETDRS

25
Q

Which test can measure up to 20/800?

A

Feinbloom chart

26
Q

What are the disadvantages of the feinbloom chart?

A

Variable number of optotypes per page

Variable spacing between optotypes

27
Q

In which unit does ETDRS measure VA?

A

Meters

28
Q

In which units does Feinbloom measure VA?

A

Feet

29
Q

In M notation, what does the visual acuity equal?

A

Test distance/letter size

30
Q

How are extrapolations of measurements noted?

A

In parentheses

31
Q

What is the mathematical calculation for VA?

A

Test distance/letter size

32
Q

What is the most common goal for patients with vision loss?

A

Reading

33
Q

Can you use a reduced Snellen notation if the test difference is less than 40 cm?

A

Nope - it doesn’t allow you to extrapolate for various distances

34
Q

Where should near VA be measured for a patient with low vision?

A

At the patient’s preferred working distance (it may not be 40 cm) *record in M units, not reduced Snellen

35
Q

How many minutes of arc is 1M at 1 meter?

A

5 min arc

36
Q

1M is equal to what point font?

A

8pt

37
Q

8 point font is equivalent to what Snellen size?

A

20/50

38
Q

How do you convert from Snellen to point?

A

Divide by 6

39
Q

How do you convert from point to Meters?

A

Divide by 8

40
Q

How do you convert from Meters to Snellen?

A

Multiply by 50

41
Q

What are the static peripheral field tests used in Low Vision?

A

Confrontation fields
Humphrey automated perimetry
Octopus perimetry

42
Q

What are the kinetic peripheral field tests used in low vision?

A

Tangent screen
Humphrey SSA kinetic test
Goldmann perimetry
Octopus perimetry

43
Q

What are the central field tests used in low vision?

A

Amsler grid
Humphrey automated perimetry
California Central visual field test
Octopus perimetry

44
Q

What is the gold standard contrast sensitivity chart?

A

Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart

45
Q

You should select lenses for trial frame refraction based on what?

A

JND - Just Noticeable Difference

46
Q

What is JND?

A

The minimum lens change that a patient can appreciate

47
Q

What is the Kestenbaum formula?

A

Reciprocal of distance vision

PPO II (16 decks)

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