2_Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology @ Cellular Level

Question 1

Neuron Doctrine

Answer 1

neurons are the basic signaling unit of the nervous system

Question 2

Principle of Dynamic Polarization

Answer 2

signals flow in a predictable and consistent direction

Question 3

Principle of Connectional Specificity

Answer 3

no direct cytoplasmic connectivity between neurons and the connections formed between neurons are specific (not random)

Question 4

What are the two locations where gap junctions are sometimes located?

Answer 4

between dendrites in certain systems and between neurons and glial cells in other instances

Question 5

What is one possible function of gap junctions?

Answer 5

The storage of extracellular calcium necessary for release of neurotransmitters

Question 6

A neuron has a receptive area for _______; _______ and ________

Answer 6

localize input; dendrites and cell body

Question 7

A neuron has a integrative area for _______; _______

Answer 7

triggering a response; axon hillock

Question 8

A neuron has a conductive area for _______; _______

Answer 8

carrying a signal; axon

Question 9

A neuron has a output area for _______; _______

Answer 9

secretory; axonal terminals

Question 10

What are the various ways in which a neuron can be classified?

Answer 10

by size, number of processes, directions they project (but all have these regions in common

Question 11

When 1 postganglionic neuron receives synaptic input from several preganglionic neurons, this type of connectivity is called _____?

Answer 11

convergent

Question 12

When 1 preganglionic axon can form synapses on several postganglionic neurons, this type of connectivity is called ____?

Answer 12

Divergent

Question 13

What type of cell can be supportive as well as reparative?

Answer 13

Astrocytes

Question 14

In the CNS which cells are responsible for myelination of axons?

Answer 14

Oligodendrocytes

Question 15

In the PNS which cells are responsible for myelination?

Answer 15

Schwann cells

Question 16

What is the roll of microglia in the CNS

Answer 16

To function as macrophages

Question 17

How many postganglionic neurons can a single preganglionic neuron synapse with?

Answer 17

multiple

Question 18

Does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system exhibit a greater degree of divergence?

Answer 18

sympathetic

Question 19

What is the function of channels?

Answer 19

To selectively allow the flux of ions into or out of the neuron.

Question 20

Non-gate channels ________________?

Answer 20

allow for diffusion of small ions

Question 21

What are the three types of gated ion channels?

Answer 21

modality, ligand and voltage

Question 22

Define a modality gated ion channel

Answer 22

A channel in which each receptor is sensory modality specific

Question 23

Name two types of ligand (binding to the receptor) channels

Answer 23

ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 24

What is the function of voltage gated-ion channels?

Answer 24

change the membrane potential

Question 25

When the change in membrane polarity is graded and decays away from site of initiation (syanpse in the CNS, receptor in PNS), it is what kind of potential?

Answer 25

Electrotonic

Question 26

A change in membrane potential along the axon of a neuron; requires the presence of voltage gate channels (only located on the axon of a neuron) is a _________ potential.

Answer 26

action

Question 27

EPSP cause electrical activity or membrane polarity to become more ______ w/ respect to resting membrane potential.

Answer 27

positive

Question 28

IPSP cause electrical activity or membrane polarity to become more ______ w/ respect to resting membrane potential

Answer 28

negative

Question 29

The all or none response implies that there is _________________________________?

Answer 29

no decay in the amplitude or speed of an action potential once it has been generated.

Question 30

What is the ultimate end of the action potential?

Answer 30

To generate the release of a neuroactive substance at its terminal end.

Question 31

In the normal functioning system (an AP) is ______________, traveling from the axon hillock to all of the ___________________________

Answer 31

unidirectional | axon terminals of each neuron.

Question 32

Transmitter release is always a response to what?

Answer 32

An action potential.

Question 33

What does the amount of the transmitter released depend upon?

Answer 33

The frequency of action potentials traveling down the axon.

Question 34

Can the amount of the transmitter being released be modified along the axon?

Answer 34

NO, it can only be modified at the terminal end.

Question 35

What are two types of non-associative learning (temporary)?

Answer 35

sensitization and habituation

Question 36

What are two types of associative learning (long lasting)?

Answer 36

long-term potentiation and long-term depression

Question 37

When is LTP best modulated?

Answer 37

In explicit learning (facts)

Question 38

What is LTP?

Answer 38

A sustained increase in synaptic strength elicited by brief, high-frequency stimulation of excitatory afferents.

Question 39

axodendritic:

Answer 39

communication between an axon of one neuron (facilitory/ excitatory)

Question 40

axospinous:

Answer 40

more complex type of axodendritic (more complex b/c of the learning nature of spine).

Question 41

axosomatic:

Answer 41

communication between axon and cell body (inhibitory)

Question 42

axosynaptic:

Answer 42

axon terminal ends at another terminal

Question 43

dendrodendritic:

Answer 43

communication between dendrite of one cell to a dendrite of another.

Question 44

axoextracellular:

Answer 44

Axon terminals that have no specific target but instead secrete their transmitter chemicals non-specifically into the extracellular fluid

Question 45

axosecretary:

Answer 45

an axon terminal synapses with a tiny blood vessel called a capillary and secretes its transmitter directly into the blood

Question 46

axoaxonic:

Answer 46

communication between the axon of one neuron and the axon of another neuron. (excitatory)