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2b exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis

A

Mitosis is a process that happens in the nucleus of a cell that is dividing. It involves copying the genetic material and then separating it into two new nuclei. Each new nucleus has the same number of chromosomes as the original one.

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2
Q

meiosis

A

The cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in
gamete-producing cells being reduced by half; also involves a reduction
division, in which one of each pair of paired chromosomes passes to each
daughter cell.

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3
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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4
Q

homologous
chromosomes

A

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, having similar gene
composition, size, and structure.

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5
Q

what are chromatids?

A

One half of a chromosome.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of an MRI?

A

To diagnose medical conditions

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7
Q

what are the components of a DNA cell

A

Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).

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8
Q

what is the purpose of DNA?

A

It contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce.

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9
Q

Define point mutation

A

A mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

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10
Q

Define Frameshift mutation

A

A frameshift mutation happens when DNA is altered by adding or deleting nucleotides, changing how the gene is read, and possibly making a different protein.

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11
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

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12
Q

where dose protein synthesis rake place in the cell?

A

Ribosomes are the sites in a cell in which protein synthesis takes place.

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13
Q

Describe the role of a phlebotomist?

A

A phlebotomist is a healthcare professional trained to draw blood for testing, transfusions, or donations

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14
Q

what are the phases in the cell cycle?

A

interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase+cytokinesis

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15
Q

Why do somatic cells and gametes have different numbers of chromosomes?

A

Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, making them diploid. Gametes, like eggs and sperm, have only one set of chromosomes, making them haploid. This way, when they combine during fertilization, the zygote gets the correct diploid number of chromosomes.

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16
Q

Explain how nondisjunction affects a human baby.

A

Nondisjunction, the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, can result in conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Turner syndrome (monosomy X)

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17
Q

what are the female gonads? and what do they produce?

A

ovaries is the female gonad.
and eggs are what they produce.

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18
Q

what are male gonads? and what do they produce?

A

testes is the male gonad.
and sperm is what they produce.

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19
Q

in a pedigree what do squares and circles represent?

A

squares represent men and circles represent females.

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20
Q

Whats the scientific word for protein?

A

Polypeptide

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21
Q

what is the shape of a protein is determined by?

A

The sequence of amino acid

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22
Q

what 3 components make up DNA?

A

Phosphate
Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine).

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23
Q

why are cancer cells considered unhealthy?

A

Cancer cells are harmful because they grow and divide without control, spread to other tissues, and can affect different parts of the body, leading to serious health problems and even death.

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24
Q

what do the start and stop mean in a codon chart?

A

Start means when it starts making protein and stop is where it stops making protein.

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25
Your hair and your nails are made of a protein called keratin. Explain how your body makes hair and nails- be sure to include mRNA, tRNA and rRNA/ribosome
DNA in your cells has the instructions for making keratin. The mRNA (messenger RNA) copies these instructions from the DNA and carries them to the ribosome, which is like a factory for making proteins. At the ribosome, tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the building blocks (amino acids) needed to make keratin. The ribosome reads the mRNA and puts the amino acids together in the right order to form keratin. rRNA is a part of the ribosome and helps put everything together. Once the keratin protein is made, it’s used to build hair and nails.
26
What is Amnicentesis?
Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic procedure that involves removing a small amount of amniotic fluid from the uterus to test for various fetal conditions.
27
what is the makeup of a chromosome?
Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones
28
How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?
23
29
Describe the role of a geneticist?
A geneticist studies genes and how traits are passed down. They look at how genetic differences affect health
30
Describe the role of a genetic counselor
Genetic counselors are healthcare professionals who help individuals and families understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, and familial implications of genetic conditions
31
Explain the relationship between DNA, genes and chromosomes
DNA is the genetic material in our cells. It's shaped into structures called chromosomes, which have parts called genes. These genes contain the instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.
32
Explain the process of protein synthesis
transcription, where DNA is copied into mRNA, and translation, where mRNA is used to assemble amino acids into a protein.
33
Describe how transcription and translation creates a simulated protein.
Transcription creates an mRNA copy of a gene, while translation decodes the mRNA to assemble a protein.
34
Explain cellular division
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells,
35
Explain how reproductive cells contain traits from generation to generation
Reproductive cells carry half the genetic information. When they combine during fertilization, the offspring gets a full set of genes, passing traits through meiosis.
36
Explain the difference between a genotype and a phenotype
Genotype is like TT and the phenotype is the trait for example "Tall"
37
Explain what happens when there is an incorrect number of chromosomes (nondisjunction) in a gamete
Nondisjunction in a gamete causes an incorrect number of chromosomes, leading to aneuploidy and possible developmental problems or syndromes in offspring.
38
Explain why an amniocentesis might be recommended for a pregnant woman over the age of 35
The risk of chromosomal disorders, such as Down syndrome, increases with maternal age, and amniocentesis offers a definitive diagnosis.
39
Explain how nondisjunction causes Turner’s syndrome
Missing or incomplete X chromosome
40
Whats the effect that base pair mutations have on a simulated protein.
Base pair mutations, like point mutations, can lead to changes in the encoded amino acid sequence, potentially altering the protein's structure, function, and interactions,
41
Whats a somatic cell?
every cell in the body besides a sex cell
42
What does malignant mean?
Malignant means cancerous or harmful. It describes a type of tumor
43
What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body
44
What is a pathologist?
A doctor who has special training in identifying diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
45
what is benign?
Benign refers to a condition, tumor, or growth that is not cancerous
46
what is neoplasm?
A new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer.
47
Definition of biopsy?
a medical procedure where a small sample of tissue or cells is removed from the body for examination under a microscope.
48
definition of transcription
The process of copying genetic information from a DNA sequence into a RNA sequence.
49
defintion of an allele
One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome.
50
what are Restriction enzymes?
Restriction enzymes are proteins that work like molecular scissors. They cut DNA at certain spots, known as restriction sites, to produce pieces of DNA.
51
what is PCR
PCR makes copies of DNA
52
What is in the Endocrine system
thyroid gland pancreas testis adrenal gland pineal gland
53
whats a gonad?
a reproductive organ
54
what is monosomy?
When only one chromosome is missing
55
what is trisomy?
When there is an extra chromosome
56
whats Mitosis
A somatic cell 46 chromosomes starts with 1 cell ends with 2
57
what meiosis
Sex cells(gametes) 23 chromosomes starts with 1 cell ends with 4 cells
58
whats nondisjunction?
when chromosomes fail to separate
59
Where will mRNA go when it leaves the nucleus?
The Cytoplasm
60
Translation occurs in what part of the cell?
Ribsomoes
61
What molecule translates a code into the specific amino acid
tRNA
62
The skin cells in your body are known as what?
Eukaryotic cells
63
The cellular process of making more Gametes is known as what?
Meiosis
64
what are the DNA base pairs?
A-T C-G
65
what are the RNA base pairs?
A-U C-G

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