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Geography - Coastal Landscapes And Change > 2B.7 > Flashcards

2B.7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is isostatic change?

A

When land is changing relative to the sea locally which is due to isostatic rebound

  • ice leaving ground
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2
Q

What is eustatic change?

A

When the sea changes relative to the land (global) due to melting ice from the poles

  • more water in oceans
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3
Q

How do tectonic affect sea level?

A

Land can be pushed up by plates in a series of earthquakes which an displace the sea-bed leading to post glacial rebound

Eg Iceland = Surtsey has risen due to volcanic activity

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4
Q

How does accretion affect sea levels?

A

The deposition of sediment in rivers, estuaries or deltas can weigh down the crust and also cause sinking (subsidence)

Eg Thames estuary

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5
Q

What are submerging coastlines produced by?

A

Eustatic sea level change

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6
Q

What are emergent coastlines produced by?

A

Isostatic readjustment / rebound

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7
Q

Who monitors climate change?

A

The IPCC intergovernmental panel on climate change

—> show that it fluctuated in 1850s

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8
Q

What are predictions of sea level change?

A 
Lowest = 28-61 cm rise
High = 52-98 cm rise
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9
Q

What contributes to sea level change?

A

Thermal expansion
Melting of glaciers - 27% so far,
Sea level rising 3mm a year which is seasonal (winter = cumulative budget) summer = melts
Melting of ice sheets eg 10% in Antarctic, 15% in Greenland

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10
Q

Why is there debate about sea level rise?

A

Unclear about how much thermal expansion

Unclear at speed of melting

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11
Q

What areas in the world are at most risk?

A 
Maldives
Bangladesh
Netherlands
New York
Southampton
Mumbai
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12
Q

What are causes of coastal retreat?

A 
Human causes
Sub-aerial processes
Wind direction
Tides
Weather systems
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13
Q

How do human causes impact recession rates?

A
  • Alters Natural processes
  • defences reduce sediment
  • offshore dredging eg Hallsands and Admiralty
  • chooses SMP on CBA
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14
Q

How do sub-aerial processes cause retreat?

A

Weakens rocks
Mass movements
—> moves sediment away
—> influenced by season changes

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15
Q

How do winds add to coastal retreat?

A

Dominant winds give off energy to waves which fluctuated adding to the dynamic coastal area ie foreshore.
Coasts experience mass erosion during winds

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16
Q

How do tides increase recession?

A

High tides = waves reach back shore and eroded

- destructive waves cause maximum erosion

17
Q

How do weather systems lead to increased recession?

A

Low pressure = rising air = strong winds causing storm surges
In winter there are stronger depressions and larger more destructive waves
Higher temperature = more erosion = energy levels

18
Q

What is a transboundary river?

A

River that traverses across two or more countries eg the Nile delta main river.

19
Q

What are facts about the river Nile?

A

More salt in delta due to sea level rise = flocculation
2million hectares of land lost
6million people displaced
30% of Alexandrian population displaced
240km of Nile delta is Eastern Mediterranean
Will destroy tourism defences agriculture and settlements
95% of Egypt live near delta

20
Q

What is coastal squeeze?

A

Population forcing areas to develop near coasts or rivers. eg Mediterranean.

21
Q

What is a raised beach?

A

Former beach now above the high tide line which contain several layers eg Forthy, Clyde and Tay in eastern Scotland.

22
Q

What is a fossil/relict cliff?

A

Near vertical slope initially formed by Marin erosion but now inland eg Vik in South Iceland.
These may still have coastal features eg Stack or cove.

23
Q

What is a ria?

A

A flooded river valley

24
Q

What is a fjord?

A

Flooded glaciated valley?

25
Q

What is an example of a fjord?

A

In Norway, NZ, Canada.

26
Q

What is an example of a ria?

A

In Devon, SW England

Geography - Coastal Landscapes And Change (7 decks)

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