2c+d Flashcards

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1
Q

What chemical elements are present in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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2
Q

Chemical elements present in lipids

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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3
Q

Chemical elements are present in proteins

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur

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4
Q

What are complex carbohydrates like starch and glycogen made up of?

A

Simple sugars

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5
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Proteins are made up of amino acids

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6
Q

What two molecules are lipids made of?

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Glycerol
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7
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • Biological catalysts
  • increase rate of metabolic reactions
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8
Q

4 factors that affect an enzyme?

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Substrate concentration
  • Enzyme concentration
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9
Q

Effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction

A
  • As the temperature increases, rate of reaction increases
  • Onces the temperature exceeds optimum, the enzyme DENATURES and rate of reaction decreases
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10
Q

Why does the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction increase when temperature increases?

A
  • As the temperature increases, particles have more KE
  • this increases the frequency of succesful collisions, leading to a reaction
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11
Q

If temperature increases above the optimum, how does this affect enzyme function?

A

The enzyme denatures and the active site changes shape, so it will no longer fit the substrate

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12
Q

Describe the effect of pH on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction

A
  • the rate of an enzyme is fastest at the optimum pH
  • if the pH is too high or low, the enzyme will work less efficient and it could denature at extremes of pH
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13
Q

Define diffusion

A
  • net movement of molecules
  • from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  • down their concentration gradient.
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14
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • As temperature increases, particles will have more KE and move faster
  • rate of diffusion increases
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15
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • The greater the concentration gradient (the difference between two areas), the faster the rate of diffusion
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16
Q

How does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

A

As the surface area increases, the rate of diffusion increases, as there is more space for the particles to move through

17
Q

Define osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential gradient across a partially permeable membrane

18
Q

Define active transport

A

The net movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration against their concentration gradient using energy