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Biology (Marc) > 2E Nutrition > Flashcards

2E Nutrition Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the process where some organisms are able to TURN LIGHT energy into CHEMICAL energy

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2
Q

What type of organisms use photosynthesis to make their own food?

A

Producers

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3
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic reaction

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4
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the chloroplasts

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5
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

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6
Q

Symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of photsyntesis

A
  • As temperature increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis
  • When it exceed the OPTIMUM TEMP, the RATE of photosynthesis DECREASES as enzymes begin to DENATURE
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8
Q

Explain the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

A

As light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increases

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9
Q

Explain the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis

A

As the CO2 concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases

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10
Q

What is a limiting factor

A

A factor that limits the rate of a reaction when there is not enough of it

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11
Q

Describe the structure of leaf tissue

A
  • Waxy Cuticle
  • Upper Epidermis
  • Palisade Mesophyll
  • Spongy Mesophyll
  • air spaces
  • Lower Epidermis
  • Guard Cells / Stomata
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12
Q

Upper epidermis

A
  • To prevent water loss
  • To protect the leaf
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13
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

contains palisdade cells that contain chlorophyll to make PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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14
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

contains air spaces to let gases diffuse into the cells

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15
Q

Guard cell

A
  • allows carbon dioxide into leaf
  • controls the size of the stomata
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16
Q

Xylem

A
  • Transports WATER and MINERALS from the roots to the leaf
  • Strength
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17
Q

Phloem

A
  • Transports SUCROSE and AMINO ACIDS from leaves to other parts of plant
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18
Q

3 Ways leaves are adapted for photosynthesis

A
  • They are thin which provides a short diffusion distance
  • The spongy mesophyll layer has lots of air spaces for efficient gas exchange
  • Palisade mesophyll cells have lots of chloroplasts for photsynthesis
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19
Q

What are mineral ions used for in a plant?

A

Mineral ions are used for growth in plants

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20
Q

2 Common ions in plants

A

Magnesium ion (Mg2+)
Nitrate ion (NO2-)

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21
Q

What are magnesium ions used for in plants?

A

needed to make chlorophyll

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22
Q

What are nitrate ions used for in organisms?

A

to make amino acids (to build proteins)

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23
Q

Why is a balanced diet important

Study These Flashcards
A
  • The body needs different substances
  • in different proportions
  • to function properly.
  • Too much or too little of different things
  • can be harmful.
24
Q

What are 7 groups needed for a balanced diet

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids (fats)
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
  • Dietary fibre
25
Function of carbohydrates in the diet
Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy
26
Function of proteins in the body
Proteins are used for growth and repair body's tissues
27
Funtions of lipids in the body
- Energy storage - Cell membranes - Insulation
28
What is vitamin A used for
- keepin the skin healthy - improved vision in the dark - strengthening the immune system
29
What is vitamin C used for
sticks together cells linning surfaces
30
What is vitamin D used for
used in the absorption of calcium + phosphate
31
What is calcium used for in the body
strenghthens teeth and bones
32
What is iron used for in the body
used in haemoglobin to transport oxygen in the blood
33
What is water used for in the body?
- A reaction medium - Temperature control - Transport
34
What is dietary fibre used for?
helps to keep everything flowing through the digestive system
35
Energy requirements in different people
The more active the person is, the greater their energy requirement.
36
Describe how energy requirements change as we age
Adults generally require more energy than children
37
Passage of food through alimentary canal
Mouth -> oesophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum
38
What is the function of the mouth
- To chew and break down food - To secrete amylase enzymes
39
What is the oesophagus
The tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach
40
What does the stomach do
- The stomach is a muscular sac containing HCl that pummels the food and breaks it down further - Secretes protease enzymes
41
What role does the pancreas play in digestion
The pancreas secretes amylase, protease and lipase enzymes into the small intestine
42
What are the two parts of the small intestine called?
Duodenum and ileum
43
What is the function of the duodenum
The duodenum receives food directly from the stomach and uses enzymes and chemical digestion to break down food
44
What is the function of the ileum
Most nutrients are absorbed from the food in the ileum into the blood
45
How is the ileum adapted for absorption?
The ileum is lined with villi which provide a large surface area for reabsorption
46
How are villi adapted for absorption?
- Thin walls - Large surface area - Microvilli - Good blood supply close to the surface
47
What is the function of the large intestine (colon)?
Water is reabsorbed into the blood in the large intestine
48
What is the function of the rectum?
The rectum stores faeces before egestion
49
How does peristalisis work to push food through the gut?
- Contraction of circular muscles behind the food, narrows the gut, pushing the food along. - When the circular muscles contrat - the longitudinal muscles relax..
50
What enzymes break starch down to maltose?
Amylase
51
What enzymes break maltose down to glucose?
Maltase
52
What group of enzymes break proteins down into amino acids?
Proteases
53
What group of enzmes break lipids down into glycerol and fatty acids
Lipases
54
What does bile do?
1- Bile neutralises the stomach acid -providing alkaline conditions - for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine 2- Bile also emulsifies fats
55
Where is bile produced
Bile is produced in the liver
56
Where is bile stored
Bile is stored in the gallbladder
57
Leaf adaptations (TCLWVCM)
-Thin (to allow gases to diffuse easily) -Can change direction (to face the sunlight) -Large surface area (to absorb more light) -Waxy layer on top of the leaf (to reduce water loss) -Chloroplasts (contain chlorophyll that absorbs light energy from the sun) -Veins (to transport water to the leaf and glucose away from the leaf) -Many stomata ( to allow gas exchange)

Biology (Marc) (22 decks)

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