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OB/GYN REVIEW > 2nd & 3rd Tri: Chest > Flashcards

2nd & 3rd Tri: Chest Flashcards

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1
Q

How much of the thorax should the heart occupy?

A

1/3 thoracic cavity

pg. E 108

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2
Q

What do normal fetal lungs appear like sonographically?

A 
solid
homogenous
granular
slighty more echogenic than the liver
pg. E 108
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3
Q

When is the optimal time to evaluate the fetal heart?

A

18-24 weeks

pg. E 108

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4
Q

What can fetal echocardiography help diagnose?

A 
structural heart abnormalities
fetal arrhythmias
coarctation of the aorta
cardiomegaly
focal masses
ductal patentcy
pg. E 108
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5
Q

How often does congenital heart disease (CHD) occur?

A

8: 1000 births

pg. E 108

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6
Q

What are the risk factors for CHD?

A 
family hx
maternal diabetes
teratogen exposure
chromosome abnormalities
lupus
increased NT measurement
pg. E 108
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7
Q

Through which structure does oxygenated blood enter the fetus?

A

umbilical vein

pg. E 109

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8
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

allows blood to bypass liver and go into the right atrium of the heart
pg. E 109

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9
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium

pg. E 109

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10
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

allows oxygen-rich blood from pulmonary artery into aortic arch
pg. E 109

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11
Q

What are some routine views of the heart?

A 
4 chamber
LVOT
RVOT
Aortic arch
Ductal arch
Tracheal/3 vessel view
pg. E 110
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12
Q

Which heart chamber is closest to the spine?

A

left atrium

pg. E 110

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13
Q

Which side does the apex point to?

A

45 degrees to the left

pg. E 110

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14
Q

What arises from the LV?

A

aorta

pg. E 110

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15
Q

What arises from the RV?

A

pulmonary a. trunk

pg. E 110

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16
Q

How does the aortic arch appear sonographically?

A

Oblique sagittal plane
candy cane
arises from aortic arch
pg. E 111

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17
Q

How does the ductal arch appear sonographically?

A

ductus arteriosis
hockey stick
arises more anterior in heart
pg. E 111

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18
Q

What is the tracheal or 3 vessel view of heart?

A

above level of 4 chamber heart
ensures orientation of outflow tracts
SVC, Ao, and Pulmonary a.
pg. E 111

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19
Q

What is ventricular septal defect?

A

incomplete closure of the interventricular foramen and failure of the membranous part of the IV septum
pg. E 112

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20
Q

What are the sonographic findings of ventricular septal defect?

A

opening between the ventricles
bidirectional flow
pg. E 112

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21
Q

What is an atrial septal defect?

A

abnormal opening between atria
different from foremen ovale
pg. E 112

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22
Q

What are the sonographic findings of an atrial septal defect?

A

demonstration of echo dropout at level of of the atrial septum
pg. E 112

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23
Q

What is hypoplastic right heart syndrome?

A

pulmonary atresia with an intact interventricular septum

pg. E 112

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24
Q

What are the sonographic findings of hypoplastic right heart syndrome?

A

absent/small RV
absent or small pulmonary a.
pg. E 112

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25
What is hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
Small left ventricle due to decreased blood flow into or out of left ventricle pg. E 113
26
What are the sonographic findings of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
absent/small LV hypoplastic mitral valve and aorta pg. E 113
27
What is Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?
aorta arises from RV pulmonary a. arises from LV pg. E 113 O 392
28
What are the sonographic findings of transposition of the great arteries?
image of outflow tracts appear parallel | pg. E 113 O 392
29
What is truncus arteriosus?
single large vessel arising from base of heart rather than separate outflow tracts pg. E 113
30
What is present along with truncus arteriosus?
Ventricular septal defect | pg. E 113
31
What is ectopia cordis?
partial or complete displacement of the heart outside the thorax pg. E 113 O 391
32
What is associated with ectopia cordis?
intracardiac anomalies omphalocele Pentalogy of Cantrell pg. E 113
33
What is double outlet right ventricle?
Both pulmonary a. and aorta arise from RV | pg. E 114
34
What are some types of cardiac tumors?
``` rhabdomyomas cardiac fibromas myxomas teratomas pg. E 114 ```
35
What is atrioventricular canal defect?
failure of the AV orifice to separate into mitral and tricuspid valves defect is in crux of heart pg. E 114
36
What is the Tetralogy of Fallot?
``` 4 anatomic abnormalities: VSD overriding aorta stenosis of RVOT (pulmonic stenosis) RV hypertrophy pg. E 114 O 392 ```
37
What is the most common cyanotic heart disease?
Tetraology of Fallot | pg. O 392
38
What is Ebstein anomaly?
malformation of the tricuspid valve enlarged right atrium pg. E 114 O 392
39
What is ventricular hypertrophy associated with?
cardiac outlet obstruction | pg. E 114
40
What is the typical range of heart rates prior to 6 weeks?
100-115 bpm | pg. E 115
41
What is the typical range of heart rates between 6-8 weeks?
144-159 bpm | pg. E 115
42
What is the typical range of heart rates after 9 weeks?
120-160 bpm | pg. E 115
43
What are arrhythmias associated with?
maternal caffeine intake smoking alcohol use pg. E 115
44
What is a fetal arrhythmia?
premature ventricular or atrial contractions (PVCs and PACs) | pg. E 115
45
How long do fetal arrhythmias occur?
disappear in utero or early neonatal period | pg. E 115
46
What is tachycardia?
heart rate > 180 bpm | pg. E 115
47
What is bradycardia?
heart rate < 100 bpm | pg. E 115
48
What is more severe tachy- or bradycardia?
bradycardia, associated with complete heart block | pg. E 115
49
What is another name for pleural effusion?
hydrothorax | pg. E 116
50
What is pleural effusion?
fluid within the thorax can be isolated or associated with hydrops fetalis pg. E 116
51
What are the sonographic findings of pleural effusion?
anechoic fluid conforming to the thoracic cavity | pg. E 116
52
What is the most common developmental abnormality of the diaphragm?
congenital diaphragmatic hernia | pg. E 116
53
What causes congenital diaphragmatic hernias?
defective fusion or formation of the diaphragm, allowing stomach, spleen, liver and/or colon to herniate into chest pg. E 116
54
What is a foramen of Bochdalek?
most common CDH left sided pg. E 116
55
What is the Foramen of Morgagni?
CDH anterior medial
56
What are the sonographic findings of congenital diaphragmatic hernias?
fluid-filled bowel and stomach in chest heart displaced towards the right polyhydramnios pg. E 116
57
Are congenital diaphragmatic hernias typically associated with other anomalies?
cardiac and brain anomalies | pg. E 116
58
What is pulmonary sequestration?
uncommon malformation in which there is a mass of pulmonary separate from the lung pg. E 117
59
What are the sonographic findings of pulmonary sequestration?
homogeneous echogenic intrathoracic mass color Doppler shows blood supply from the aorta to the mass pg.. E 117
60
What is congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation?
unilateral abnormal tissue that replaces lung tissue | pg. E 117
61
What is Type I CCAM?
one or more large cysts >2 cm | pg. E 117
62
What is Type II CCAM?
multiple small cysts < 1-2 cm | pg. E 117
63
What is Type III CCAM?
mulitple small cysts, too small to distinguish, looks anechoic pg. E 117
64
What are the sonographic findings of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation?
``` complex mass in fetal lung lateral displacement of the heart hydrops fetalis polyhydramnios pg. E 117 ```
65
How should the heart be oriented in the chest?
45 degrees to the left | pg. E 118
66
Does the ductus arteriosus carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Oxygenated blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
67
Does the ductus venosus carry oxygenated or deoxygenate blood?
Oxygenated blood from umbilical vein to IVC | pg. 1224
68
What does the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio evaluate?
Lung maturation | URR Exam
69
What is the best plane to image the fetal diaphragm?
Coronal
70
When can fetal cardiac activity be identified with US?
6 weeks
71
The tricuspid valve inserts _______ to the mitral valve.
Inferior
72
What is the most common congenital heart defect?
VSD

OB/GYN REVIEW (16 decks)

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