Placenta & Umbilical Cord Flashcards by Allison Shorter

What are the functions of the placenta?

Respiration
Nutrition
Excretion
Protection
Storage
Hormone Production
pg. E 160 O 412

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What is the placenta formed from?

chorionic villi (decidua frondosum) and
maternal decidua basalis
pg. E 160 O 411

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What is the functional unit of the placenta?

cotyledon

pg. E 160

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How many cotyledons are there in the typical placenta?

12-20

pg. E 160

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What does a grade 0 placenta look like?

no calcifications
smooth chorionic surface
up to 28-31 weeks
pg. E 161 O 413

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What does a grade 1 placenta look like?

scattered calcifications
slight contouring of chorionic surface
31-36 weeks
pg. E 161 O 413

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What does a grade 2 placenta look like?

basal layer calcifications
lobular chorionic surface
36-38 weeks
pg. E 161 O 413

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What does a grade 3 placenta look like?

basal layer calcifications
cotyledon calcifications
infarcts "fallout areas"
38 weeks +
pg. E 161 O413

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What is a extrachorial placenta? and what are the names of each?

membranous chorion does not extend to edge
2 types: circumvallate and circummarginate
pg. E 162

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What is a circumvallate placenta?

membranes insert away from placenta edge toward the center
has central chorionic ring surrounded by thickened amnion and chorion
pg. E 162 O 415

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What is the sonographic appearance of a circumvallate placenta?

rolled up placenta edge
irregular fold or thickening of placenta
upturned placental edge has cystic spaces
thick placental cord insertion
pg. O 415

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What is a circummarginate placenta?

central attachment of the membranes without a central ring

pg. E 1162

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What can happen with a circumvallate placenta?

early separation from uterine wall 
risk of abruption
IUGR
premature labor
perinatal death
pg. E 162 O 415

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What are the accessory types of placentas?

succenturiate
bipartite
annular
pg. E 162

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What is a succenturiate placenta?

results from the lack of adjacent chorionic villi to atrophy
additional placental tissue next to main placenta connects by blood vessels
pg. E 162 O 415

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What is a bipartite placenta?

placenta divided into 2 lobes but united by vessels and membranes
pg. E 162

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What is an annular placenta?

ring shaped placenta

pg. E 162

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When is a placenta considered to be placentomegaly?

> 5 cm AP/ > 4 cm

pg. E 163 O 412

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What are the causes of placentamegaly?

gestational diabetes
Rh isoimmunization
maternal infection
chorioangioma
multiple gestation
maternal anemia
hydrops fetalis
sacrococcygeal teratoma
partial mole
chromosome anomalies
abruption
pg. E 163

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When is a placenta too thin?

< 1.5 cm

pg. E 163

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Why might a placenta be too thin?

pre-eclampsia
IUGR
diabetes (before pregnancy)
intrauterine infection
pg. E 163

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What is placenta previa? what are the different types?

placenta near/on cervical os
complete
partial
marginal
low lying
vasa
pg. E 163 O 414

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What are the risk factors for placenta previa?

advanced maternal age
multiparity
previous C-section
therapeutic abortion ( due to scarring)
closely spaced pregnancies
pg. E 164 O 413

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What are the symptoms of placenta previa?

painless vaginal bleeding in the 3rd trimester

pg. E 164 O 413

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What are complications of placenta previa?

premature delivery maternal hemorrhage increased risk of placenta accreta, stillbirth, IUGR pg. O 414

What is a complete previa?

placenta completely covers internal cervical os | pg. E 164 O 414

What is a partial previa?

placenta partially cover internal cervical os | pg. E 164 O 414

What is a marginal previa?

edge of placenta abuts cervical os | pg. E 164 O 414

What is a low lying placenta?

edge of placenta lies within 2 cm of cervical os | pg. E 164 O 414

What is a vasa previa?

fetal vessels cross over the internal os | pg. O 414

What is abruptio placenta?

premature separation of all or part of a normally implanted placenta pg. E 165 O 414

What are risk factors for placental abruption?

``` maternal hypertension advanced maternal age multiparity smoking trauma cocaine fibroids pg. E 165 O 414 ```

What are the symptoms for placental abruption?

severe pelvic pain vaginal bleeding pg. E 165 O 414

What are the sonographic findings of abruptio placenta?

elevation of placenta from UT wall retroplacental fluid collection thickened placenta pg. E 165 O 414

What is placenta accreta?

chorionic vill are in direct contact w/ myometrium but do not invade pg. E 166 O 414

What is placenta increta?

chorionic villi invade myometium | pg. E 166 O 414

What is placenta percreta?

worst; chorionic villi invade UT serosa or bladder | pg. E 166 O 414

What are placental lakes?

large pools of venous blood within placenta | pg. E 167 O 415

What is a placental infarct?

Ischemic necrosis of placental villi resulting from interference w/ maternal blood flow to intervillous space pg. E 167 O 415

What are fibrin deposits?

pooling of maternal blood in subchorionic space clinically insignificant pg E 167 O 415

What is an intervillous thrombosis?

fetal bleeding into intervillous space clinically insignificant pg. E 167 O 415

What are the sonographic findings of a placental infarct?

anechoic areas in placenta absence of blood flow on Doppler pg. E 167

What is a subchorionic hematoma?

accumulation of blood beneath the chorion | pg. E 168

What is a chorioangioma?

placental hemangioma vascular solid tumor of placental tissue pg. E 168

What is choriocarcinoma?

malignant form of trophoblastic disease seen as a intraplacental mass pg. O 416

What surrounds the umbilical cord?

Wharton's jelly | pg. E 168 O 416

What is the umbilical cord formed from?

fusion of the yolk stalk and allantoic ducts | pg. O 416

What is the average length of the umbilical cord?

1st tri: equal to CRL 2nd and 3rd tri: 40-60 cm pg. O 417

What is the most common umbilical cord abnormality?

single umbilical artery | pg. E 169

What are the associated abnormalities with single umbilical cord?

``` GU anomalies Trisomy 13 and 18 cardiovascular anomalies CNS anomalies omphalocele pg. E 169 O 417 ```

What is an umbilical cord cyst?

nonvascular anechoic enlargement of umbilical cord | pg. E 170 O 417

What is a nuchal cord?

cord that wraps around the neck | pg. E 170 O 417

What is cord prolaspe?

cord protruding through cervix | pg. E 170 O 417

What is a velamentous insertion associated with?

vasa previa | pg. E 171

What is a velamentous cord insertion?

umbilical cord inserts into the membranes before the placenta pg. O 417

What is umbilical vein thrombosis?

torsion or knotting of cord leading to no flow to fetus (death) pg. E 171 O 417

What is a false knot?

coiling of the vessels appearing as a knot | pg. E 171 O 417

What is another name for a marginal insertion?

battledore insertion | pg. E 172 O 415

What is a battledore placenta?

cord inserts into the periphery of the placenta | pg. E 172 O 415

When taking a RI, what should the umbilical cord S/D ratio be for 25-29 weeks?

3.3 S/D ratio

When taking a RI, what should the umbilical cord S/D ratio be for 29-33 weeks?

2.9 S/D ratio

When taking a RI, what should the umbilical cord S/D ratio RI be for 33-40 weeks?

2.5 S/D ratio

In a normal pregnancy, the placental thickness should be relatively equal to what?

Gestational age in weeks + 10mm | URR EXAM

Does the umbilical vein carry oxygenated blood or deoxygenated blood?

Oxygenated blood from mother to fetus

Do the umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood or deoxygenated blood?

Deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta

Where does an allantoic cyst develop?

Umbilical cord

Placenta & Umbilical Cord Flashcards

(66 cards)