2nd & 3rd Tri: Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

At how many weeks can bones be imaged?

Answer 1

15-16 weeks

pg. E 152

Question 2

Which side is the radius located?

Answer 2

thumb side

pg. E 152

Question 3

Which side is the ulna located?

Answer 3

pinky side

pg. E 152

Question 4

What is rhizomelia?

Answer 4

shortening of proximal segment (humerus, femur)

pg. E 153

Question 5

What is mesomelia?

Answer 5

shortening of middle segment (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula)

pg. E 153

Question 6

What is acromelia?

Answer 6

shortening or distal segment (hand, foot)

pg. E 153

Question 7

What is micromelia?

Answer 7

shortened extremities

pg. E 153

Question 8

What is phocomelia?

Answer 8

absent segment of an extremity

pg. E 153

Question 9

What is amelia?

Answer 9

absence of entire extremity

pg. E 153

Question 10

What is polydactyly?

Answer 10

more than 5 digits

pg. E 153

Question 11

What is syndactyly?

Answer 11

fusion of digits

pg. E 153

Question 12

What characteristics identify a lethal skeletal dysplasia?

Answer 12

severe micromelia
severe hypoplastic thorax
identification of a specific feature of a lethal dysplasia (fractured bones)
pg. E 153

Question 13

What is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia?

Answer 13

thanatophoric dysplasia

pg. E 154

Question 14

What are the characteristics of thanatophoric dysplasia?

Answer 14

severe rhizomelia
micromelia
bowed long bones
narrow bell shaped thorax 
cloverleaf skull (kleeblattschadel)
polyhydramnios
pg. E 154 O 395

Question 15

What is achondrogenesis?

Answer 15

rare lethal short limb dysplasia with 2 types

pg. E 154 O 394

Question 16

What are the characteristics of Type 1 achondrogenesis?

Answer 16

20%
autosomal recessive
more severe
pg. E 154 O 394

Question 17

What are the characteristics of Type 2 achondrogenesis?

Answer 17

80%
autosomal dominant
less severe
pg. E 154 O 394

Question 18

What are the sonographic findings of achondrogenesis?

Answer 18

micromelia
poor ossification of vertebrae and cranium
protruding abdomen and forehead
small chest
polyhydramnios
cleft lip/palate
micrognathia
pg. E 154 O 394

Question 19

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 19

disorder of collagen production leading to brittle bones

pg. E 155 O 395

Question 20

Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta is the most severe?

Answer 20

Type 2

pg. E 155 O 395

Question 21

When would osteogenesis imperfecta be evident under ultrasound?

Answer 21

not typically until 24 weeks +

pg. O 395

Question 22

What are the sonographic findings of osteogenesis imperfecta type 2?

Answer 22

fractures
hypomineralization
micromelia
bell shaped chest
thin cranium
pg. E 155 O 395

Question 23

What is congenital hypophosphatasia?

Answer 23

rare bone demineralization disorder resulting form low levels of serum and tissue alk phos
lethal
pg. E 155

Question 24

What are the sonographic findings of congenital hypophosphatasia?

Answer 24

decreased mineralization
severe micromelia
bowing long bones
pg. E 155

Question 25

What is camptomelic dysplasia?

Answer 25

lethal dysplasia characterized by short bent bones | pg. E 156

Question 26

What are the sonographic findings of camptomelic dysplasia?

Answer 26

``` bent long bones (lower ext more common) narrow thorax hypoplastic scapulae CNS anomalies renal anomalies pg. E 156 ```

Question 27

What is achondroplasia?

Answer 27

abnormal cartilage deposits at the long bone epiphysis | pg. O 395

Question 28

What are the types of achondroplasia? which is lethal and nonlethal?

Answer 28

Homozygous dominant - lethal Heterozygous - non-lethal pg. E 156-157

Question 29

What are the sonographic findings of homozygous dominant achondroplasia?

Answer 29

rhizomelia small thorax w/ pulmonary hypoplasia large cranium, sometimes cloverleaf pg. E 156

Question 30

What are the sonographic findings of heterozygous achondroplasia?

Answer 30

``` mild rhizomelia FL short = BPD normal > 21 weeks normal FL < 20 weeks macrocrania frontal bossing brachydactyly pg. E 156 ```

Question 31

What is short-rib polydactyly syndrome?

Answer 31

rare lethal dysplasia w/ polydactyly and small thorax | pg. E 156

Question 32

What are the sonographic findings of short-rib polydactyly syndrome?

Answer 32

``` polydactyly severely narrow thorax short ribs micromelia pg. E 156 ```

Question 33

What forms of osteogenesis imperfecta are nonlethal?

Answer 33

Types 1, 3, 4 | pg. E 157

Question 34

What are the sonographic findings of types 1 and 3 osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 34

femoral bowing seen after 24 weeks | pg. E 157

Question 35

What is arthrogryposis?

Answer 35

multiple joint contractures (shortening and hardening) from lack of movement pg. E 157

Question 36

What are the sonographic findings of arthrogryposis?

Answer 36

``` bilateral talipes deformities of hips, knees, elbows, and wrists polyhydramnios narrow chest micrognathia nuchal edema pg. E 157 ```

Question 37

What is talipes?

Answer 37

club foot | pg. E 158

Question 38

What is radial ray abnormalities?

Answer 38

hypoplasia or aplasia of radius | pg. E 157

Question 39

What is clinodactyly?

Answer 39

permanent curvature of 5th digit | pg. E 158

Question 40

What is clinodactyly associated with?

Answer 40

Trisomy 21 | pg. E 158

Question 41

What is syndactyly?

Answer 41

fusion of digits | pg. E 158

Question 42

What is clubfoot?

Answer 42

abnormal inversion of foot perpendicular to lower leg | pg. E 158 O 395

Question 43

What is rocker bottom foot?

Answer 43

bottom of foot convexes outward | pg. E 158

Question 44

What is rocker bottom foot associated with?

Answer 44

Trisomy 18 | pg. E 158 O 395

Question 45

What is sirenomelia?

Answer 45

lower extremities are fused together | pg. E 158

Question 46

What is hypophophatasia?

Answer 46

Congenital condition w/ decreased mineralization of bones Has bowed bones l, underossified cranium, and small chest pg. G-6

Question 47

What is syndactyly typically found with?

Answer 47

amniotic band syndrome

Question 48

When can the femur length be measured?

Answer 48

12 weeks gestation | URR Exam