2ND BIMEX Flashcards by SALI BABY

How do the epidermis gets nutrient from surrounding tissues?

A. By enzymatic synthesis of cofactors deposited in the epidermal layers
B. By absorption of skin from vitamin containing lotion and hydrating fluids
C. By contraction of underlying muscles pushing the nutrients in the dermis up to epidermis
D. By diffusion of nutrients from dermal blood vessels to next outer layer

D. By diffusion of nutrients from dermal blood vessels to next outer layer

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Hair growth on the face and pubis is influenced by sex hormones, especially______.

Estrogen
Estrone
Androgen
Luteinizing hormone

Androgen

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Mutations of connexins gene may result to

A. Loss of sense of smell
B. Blindness
C. Certain deafness or peripheral neuropathies
D. Blisters in skin

C. Certain deafness or peripheral neuropathies

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Purpose of the connective tissue beneath the epithelium

Bring nutrients to the epithelium
Bring oxygen to the epithelium
Both
None of the above

Both

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Caused by overactive T lymphocytes that trigger an autoimmune reaction causing accelerated keratinization thus flaking of skin

Psoriasis
Basal cell carcinoma
Vitiligo
Squamous cell carcinoma

Psoriasis

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You see your crush lying in bed almost naked exposing the skin of his back. What is
NOT true regarding his back’s skin?

It has 3 skin layers.
When playing basketball, it has sweat glands that thermoregulates.
The exposed part is ectodermal in origin.
It has 4 epidermal layers.

It has 4 epidermal layers.

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Sun exposure will

Melt the subcutaneous fats
Activate provitamin B5 and straightens hair
Help synthesize vitamin D3
Suppress melanin synthesis and thereby preventing meloma

Help synthesize vitamin D3

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Have fusiform capsules anchored firmly to the surrounding connective tissue, with sensory axons stimulated by stretch (tension) or twisting (torque) in the skin.

Krause end bulbs
Merkel disc
Ruffini corpuscles
Merkel corpuscles

Ruffini corpuscles

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Racial skin color is due to

Option 3
Number of melanocytes
Amount of melanin in melanocyte

Amount of melanin in melanocyte

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A 9-year-old boy show signs of epidermolysis bullosa. Microscopically, you will expect

An abnormality of Macula adherens
An abnormality of nexus
An abnormality of hemidesmosomes
An abnormality of Zonula adherens

An abnormality of hemidesmosomes

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A 24 year old male came to you complaining a possibility that he might have Kartagener syndrome. Of the information he had supplied, the following is NOT consistent with his complaint

A. That has repeated bouts of coughing due to thick phlegm.
B. That he has frequent sinusitis.
C. That he has no child despite several attempts.
D. That he passed out stools several times a day

D. That he passed out stools several times a day

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Medical significance of adherent junctions

Promotes deafness
Promotes neurologic injury
Loss of E cadherin promotes invasion of cancer cells
Promotes cohesion of cells

Loss of E cadherin promotes invasion of cancer cells

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Make synaptic contacts with afferent nerve endings

Basement membrane
Dendrites of antigen presenting cells
Dermal papillae
Merkel cells

Merkel cells

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Your diagnosis of Pemphigus vulgaris is based from

Reduced cell to cell adhesion
Reduced cell to cell sealing
Reduced cell to cell communication
Reduced cell function

Reduced cell to cell adhesion

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Patients with celiac disease may show decreased in the size of brush border of
intestine due to sensitivity reaction to what protein?

Lutein
Gluten
Fructosamine

Gluten

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You just woke up from sleep and went immediately to the mirror, you see one single
pimple in the right side of your cheek. Upon closer look, you realized that the pimple already ruptured with dried blood clots and pus. At what skin layer(s) does this pimple
affects?

Epidermis and dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Epidermis
Dermis

Epidermis and dermis

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True of tonofibrils

A. These are bundles of connective tissue elements present at the dermo epidermal junctions
B. These are reticular projections of the reticular dermis
C. These are keratin filaments assemble into bundles
D. These are collagenous fibers arranged in concentric rings

C. These are keratin filaments assemble into bundles

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The stratum basale is renewed every ____.

1-2 weeks
2-4 weeks
3 months
4-6 weeks

2-4 weeks

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Cytoskeletal component of desmosomes

Troponin
Actin
Keratin
Myosin

Keratin

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You diagnosed a case of Carotenemia. What is NOT consistent with your diagnosis?

Yellowish vision
The hands looks-like jaundice
Patient feels normal.
Positive habit of eating yellowish or orange vegetables

Yellowish vision

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Is the dermis a layer of epithelial tissue?

Unclassified
It depends
No
Yes

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State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

blood vessels

Simple squamous epithelium

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State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

Trachea

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

Skin

Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

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State the specific epithelium lining each of the following thyroid gland follicles

Simple cuboidal epithelium

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following urinary bladder

Transitional epithelium

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following Intestine

Simple columnar epithelium

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following Ovary

Simple cuboidal epithelium

When the hair-like projections of cells in the bronchus are destroyed or damaged, there will be_______. Accumulation of microbes in the lung Accumulation of inhaled dust or debris in the lung Both A and B Neither of the above

Both A and B

Microscopy on the endothelial lining of a normal blood vessel reveals an epithelium lined by only one layer of cells. Thinking of normal tissue Thinking that the specimen could be mixed up with other specimens Thinking of the increased possibility of bleeding due to thinning of walls Thinking of vascular adaptation due to recurrent infection

Thinking of normal tissue

Contraction causes “goosebumps”. Sweat glands Meissner Blood vessel Arrector pili

Arrector pili

Forms major part of the skins barrier against water loss Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum corneum Stratum germinativum

Stratum granulosum

A 67 year old patient came in due to a slow growing rodent ulcer in his cheek. A biopsy was taken and the result is consistent with cancer. What do you think is the diagnosis? A. A cancer that contains brownish fragments and disorganized melanosomes. B. A cancer that readily metastasize to lymph nodes. C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction D. A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer

C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction

An autopsy of a fetus shows defects in occludins leading to destruction of fetal blood brain barrier. This is shown by Abnormal morphology of gap junctions Abnormal morphology of tight junctions Abnormal morphology of hemidesmosomes Abnormal morphology of desmosomes

Abnormal morphology of tight junctions

Compatible: A. Squames: Stratum spinosum B. Melanin: does not protects against UV rays C. Keratohyaline granules: Stratum granulosum D. Squamous Cell Cancer: Stratum corneum

Keratohyaline granules: Stratum granulosum

``` If your crush weighs for around 100 kg, what is the estimated weight of his entire skin? 25kg 30 kg None of the above 10kg ```

None of the above

What is NOT true regarding dermatoglyphs? Identifies unique individuals Affected by skin color Has an intervening sulci Has ridges

Affected by skin color

On microscopy, of a breast tissue for biopsy, you see cells that are quite abnormal in size, shape and nuclei within the full thickness of epithelium and beyond the basement membrane. Your diagnosis is Hyperplasia Invasive cancer Metaplasia Carcinoma in situ

Invasive cancer

Anchors cytoskeleton to basal lamina Hemidesmosomes Zonula adherens Zonula occludens Macula adherens

Hemidesmosomes

Are specialized for sensing coarse touch, pressure (sustained touch), and vibrations, with distortion of the capsule amplifying a mechanical stimulus to the axonal core where an impulse is initiated. Ruffini corpuscles None of the above Merkel corpuscles Krause end bulbs

None of the above

You received a specimen with a basement membrane layer that is 30 nm thick. This is * Outside normal range Dysplasia Consistent with fibrosis Within normal range

Within normal range

What happens in the arteriovenous anastomosis when a person is exposed to snow? A. increase blood flow in the papillary layer B. blood rotates several times in the papillary layer C. decrease blood flow in the papillary layer

C. decrease blood flow in the papillary layer

Another 67 year old patient came in due to slightly fast growing skin lesion that is located in the left cheek. Close examination reveals a superficially spreading lesion with dark discoloration, irregular borders and more than 8 mm in diameter. What do you think is the diagnosis? A. A cancer that contains brownish fragments and disorganized melanosomes. B. A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction D. A cancer that readily metastasize to lymph nodes

B. A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer

Findings showing autoimmunity to desmoglein 1 Is consistent with a defect of hemidesmosomes Is consistent with a defect of Integrins Is consistent with a defect desmosomes Is consistent with a defect of Cadherin

Is consistent with a defect desmosomes

Major collagen of basement membrane Type 3 Type 4 Type 2 Type 1

Type 4

You suspect the presence of Antigen Presenting Cells along a portion of the dermo epidermal junction. What will you do to confirm them? A. Do antibiotic challenge and watch them inactivate. B. Give antigen and watch them activate. C. Watch them move towards lymphatic vessels D. Stain them with S100 and CD1a

D. Stain them with S100 and CD1a

Right flow of hair growth: Anagen-> Telogen-> Catagen (ATC) Catagen->Anagen->Telogen (CAT) Anagen-> Catagen-> Telogen (ACT) Telogen-> Catagen-> Anagen (TCA)

Anagen-> Catagen-> Telogen (ACT)

What will NOT happen when you are exposed to hot environment? You developed goosebumps The blood vessels respond to thermoregulates The fats in the hypodermis works to insulate the body

You developed goosebumps

Major transmembrane link proteins in gap junction or nexus Cadherin Catenin Connexin Integrins

Connexin

More specialized stereocilia with a motion-detecting function are important components of outer ear. False True

False

Are restricted to absorptive epithelial cells lining the epididymis and the proximal part of ductus deferens in the male reproductive system. Cilia Stereocilia Both None of the above

Stereocilia

Where can you find the progenitor cells of epidermal layers? Stratum lucidum Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum basale

Stratum basale

Atrophy or thinning or loss of brush border of small intestine results to Decreased absorption of nutrients Decreased grinding of food Decreased movement of food

Decreased absorption of nutrients

Birbeck granules are seen in Langerhans cell Granular layer Hypodermis Melanocytes

Langerhans cell

Not true of skin 18% body weight Can be 2 square meters All are true Largest single organ

All are true

In epithelial cells of intestine specialized for absorption, the apical surfaces present an array of projections called Cilia Stereocilia Both None of the above

None of the above

Responsible for brush or striated border of small intestine ``` Cilia Stereocilia Microvilli Any of the above None of the above Other: ```

Microvilli

What immunoglobulin is usually secreted by cells of MALT? d. IgM c. IgD a. IgA b. IgE

a. IgA

Receives lymph from the afferent lymphatics c. Trabecular sinus a. Capsule d. Hlium b. Subcapsular sinus

b. Subcapsular sinus

Reason why the cortex stain more than medulla a. More dense lymphoblast and small lymphocytes b. More T lymphocytes c. More B lymphocytes d. More Acidophilic and take up stain

a. More dense lymphoblast and small lymphocytes

From the sinusoids of spleen, blood proceeds to small red pulp veins that converge as Orchestrated veins Fenestrated capillaries None of the above Penicillar arterioles

None of the above | trabecular veins

What happen to the hemoglobin released during degradation of old cells? A. The hemoglobin is taken by the surrounding dying cells to increase their functional lifespan. B. The hemoglobin is recycled and taken up the surrounding viable red blood cells. C. The hemoglobin is broken down and the heme pigments are metabolized to be used again. D. The hemoglobin is stored by macrophages but eventually returned to circulation to be used primarily for erythropoiesis.

D. The hemoglobin is stored by macrophages but eventually returned to circulation to be used primarily for erythropoiesis.

What is the reason why the mucosa or inner lining of the digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts is a common site of invasion by pathogens? A. Because their lumens open to the external environment. B. Because the lining is acidic. C Because the lifespan of the lining cells is short and prone to die. D. Because the surface area is moist and water can diffuse internally

A. Because their lumens open to the external environment.

``` The purpose of central tolerance is ___. Kill antibody Kill antigen Prevent mutation Prevent self or host destruction ```

Prevent self or host destruction

All are true except: A. The rate of bone turnover is very active in young children B. Bone normally has an excellent capacity for repair C. The skull is small in a person with hydrocephalus-false D. The skeleton in adults is renewed continuously in a process of bone remodeling

C. The skull is small in a person with hydrocephalus SKULL IS LARGER

Cells responsible for destroying virus infected cells and tumor cells. Macrophages Neutrophils Lymphocytes Natural killer cells

Natural killer cells

Hormone that acts in bone to raise low blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteocytes to resorb matrix and release Ca2+: Calcitonin ACTH PTH Cortisol

PTH

2. A fascicle is seen in ___. Perimysium Endomysium Epimysium Gymnatium

Perimysium

The sarcoplasm has little RER and contains primarily long cylindrical filament bundles running parallel to the long axis of the fiber. Sarcolemma Sarcofibril Myofibril Tonofibril

Myofibril

Which is not true about osteocytes? Enclosed singly within the lacunae Exhibit significantly more RER than osteoblasts Exhibit more condensed nuclear chromatin Products such as protein sclerostin and certain cytokines help regulate bone remodeling

Exhibit significantly more RER than osteoblasts When compared with osteoblasts, the flat, almondshaped osteocytes exhibit significantly less RER, smaller Golgi complexes, and more condensed nuclear chromatin

C. periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of T cells.

Which is true about cartilage? A. hyaline cartilage is susceptible to calcification during aging B. The poor capacity of cartilage for repair or regeneration is due in part to the high vascularity of this tissue. C. Intervertebral discs of the spinal column are composed primarily of elastic cartilage D. Except in older patients, damaged cartilage undergoes slow and often incomplete repair

A. hyaline cartilage is susceptible to calcification during aging

Not true of lymph nodes: A. lymph node has a convex surface where afferent lymphatics. B. filters lymph that defend against the spread of microorganisms and tumor cells. C. does not contain paracortex unlike thymus D. valves in the lymphatics ensure that lymph flow is unidirectional.-true

C. does not contain paracortex unlike thymus

The outer boundary of each osteon is a more collagen-rich layer called ___. volkman canal interstitial lamellae. cement line osteon

cement line

This allows leukocytes to recognize and bind on the surface components of invaders. Flagella Antibody Toll-like receptors Cilia

Toll-like receptors

A 9-year-old boy was referred to you due to abnormal blistering vesicles or bullae in the lining mucosa of the mouth. A diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris was made that is caused by ___. A. Defects in occludens causing the cells to die B. Loss of e cadherin causing blisters or bullae C. Autoimmunity due to desmoglein causing reduced cohesion between cells. D. Mutations of integrin connexin gene causing signal disruption and abnormal cell growth

C. Autoimmunity due to desmoglein causing reduced cohesion between cells.

A strand of hair was sent to you for viewing in the microscope. You see cells lining the basal epidermis covering the dermal papilla and forming the matrix of hair root. These are consistent with ___. Melanocytes Merkel cells Keratinocytes Papillary cells of Hermes

Keratinocytes

An external sheath of dense connective tissue, surrounds the entire muscle. Septa of this tissue extend inward, carrying the larger nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics of the muscle. Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium Gymnatium

Epimysium

Which of the following is principal macromolecule present in all types of cartilage matrix? hyaluronic acid keratin glucose nucleic acid

hyaluronic acid

Your diagnosis of Pemphigus vulgaris is based from ___. Reduced cell to cell sealing Reduced cell function Reduced cell to cell communication Reduced cell to cell adhesion

Reduced cell to cell adhesion

If your crush weighs for around 100 kg, what is the estimated weight of his entire skin? ``` 1 point 25kg 10kg 30 kg None of the above ```

None of the above

You suspect the presence of Antigen Presenting Cells along a portion of the dermo epidermal junction. What will you do to confirm them? Watch them move towards lymphatic vessels Do antibiotic challenge and watch them inactivate. Stain them with S100 and CD1a Give antigen and watch them activate.

Stain them with S100 and CD1a

Providing flexible shape and support for soft tissues is the main function of which type of cartilage? fibrocartilage elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage supportive cartilage

elastic cartilage

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue can be seen in the following except: Urethra Kidney Respiratory tract Digestive tract

Kidney | ??

Each axonal branch forms a dilated termination situated within a trough on the muscle cell surface. This synaptic structure is called ___. motor end plate (MEP) neuromuscular junction (NMJ) Both Neither

Both

Are cells seen at splenic sinusoids that are elongated and aligned parallel to blood flow with open slits between cells Splenic epithelial cells Stave cells Cells of Viceroy Interstitial cells of Cajal

Stave cells

Bone cell type that synthesizes and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix: Osteocyte Osteoblast Osteoclast None of the above

Osteoblast

The extracellular matrix of cartilage has high concentrations of ___. Glycosaminoglycan Proteoglycan Both Neither

Both

Atrophy or thinning or loss of brush border of small intestine results to ___. Decreased movement of food Decreased absorption of nutrients Both None of the above

Decreased absorption of nutrients

Purpose of blood thymus barrier: Attack antigens to thymic tissues Attack antibodies from blood to thymus Prevent unregulated exposure to thymocytes to antigens Protect contamination of new blood in thymus from old blood in peripheral blood

Prevent unregulated exposure to thymocytes to antigens

Characteristic for adaptive immunity: A. No need for vaccines B. Presence of antigen presenting cells C. Nonspecific D. Granulocytes and other leukocytes

B. Presence of antigen presenting cells

13. When you want to activate B cells, you use this to trigger antigen receptors: IgD IgA IgM IgG

IgD

Damage to this area affects filtration of blood and recycling of haemoglobin: Thymus, cortex Lymph vessels Spleen, white pulp Spleen, red pulp

Spleen, red pulp

Some skeletal muscles taper at their ends, where the epimysium is continuous with the dense regular connective tissue of a tendon at ___. epiclonal junction myotendinous junctions peritendinous block myoclonal junctions

myotendinous junctions

A major regulator hormone of hyaline cartilage growth? estrogen aldosterone somatotropin Cortisol

somatotropin

Refers to the complex of concentric lamellae surrounding a small central canal that contains blood vessels, nerves, loose connective tissue, and endosteum: Diploe Perforating canals Osteon Volkmann canals

Osteon

Hair growth on the face and pubis is influenced by sex hormones, especially ___. Androgen Estrone Luteinizing hormone Estrogen

Androgen

Which of the following is true about Elastic Cartillage? A. Demonstration of the elastic fibers usually requires stains such as orcein or resorcin fuchsin B. essentially similar to Fibrocartillage C. contains sparse network of elastic fibers D. fresh elastic cartilage has a pinkish color

A. Demonstration of the elastic fibers usually requires stains such as orcein or resorcin fuchsin

Most lymphocytes activation and proliferation occur in ___. Secondary lymphoid organ Blood Primary lymphoid organ Bone marrow

Secondary lymphoid organ

Autoimmune disorder that involves circulating antibodies against proteins of acetylcholine receptors. Autoimmune thyroiditis Graves disease Myasthenia gravis Duchene Muscular Dystrophy

Myasthenia gravis

A 67 year old patient came in due to a slow growing rodent ulcer in his cheek. A biopsy was taken and the result is consistent with cancer. What do you think is the diagnosis? A. A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer B. A cancer that contains brownish fragments and disorganized melanosomes. C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction D. A cancer that readily metastasize to lymph nodes.

C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction

What is the cytokine that stimulates fever? IL- 5 IL- 10 IL- 8 IL- 1

IL- 1

What do you think is the reason why the cells in cuboidal epithelium are roughly as tall as they are wide and not flat? A. Their greater thickness allows cytoplasm to be rich in mitochondria and other organelles for high level of active transport across the epithelium. B. To enable to store secretions because these cells line the organs or ducts. C. Their greater thickness allows the cells to move easily to adjust from changes of pressure or vibration. D. Their greater thickness allows the body to protect it from outside pressure and damage.

A. Their greater thickness allows cytoplasm to be rich in mitochondria and other organelles for high level of active transport across the epithelium.

Are epithelial cells found in MALT. d. P cells a. Luminal cells b. M cells c. Parabasal cells

b. M cells

What is the reason why tonsillitis can affect middle ear? a. Microorganisms ascend to middle ear. b. Because they have the same lymph drainage d. Because fluid from tonsils will go to middle ear. c. Because enlargement of tonsils can obstruct the eustachian tubes

c. Because enlargement of tonsils can obstruct the eustachian tubes

Not true of cortical Thymic epithelial cells (TEC): A. Squamous cortical TEC forms part with cytoreticulum B. Thymic epithelial cells have both epithelial and reticular features C. Stellate TEC secrete cytokines D. Squamous TEC forms part of blood thymus barrier

A. Squamous cortical TEC forms part with cytoreticulum

Not true of spleen A. The red pulp containing blood filled sinusoids helps filter blood from old leukocytes. B. In growing nodules the arteriole is pushed to an eccentric position but is still called the central arteriole.. C. There’s a tendency that the volume can decrease after puberty. D. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths consists primarily of T cells and some macrophages.

A. The red pulp containing blood filled sinusoids helps filter blood from old leukocytes.

Which is not true of the blood flow routes in spleen? A. Removal of all RBCs and recycling of their iron are major functions of the red pulp. B. In the open circulation, capillaries from about half of the penicillar arterioles are uniquely open-ended, dumping blood into the stroma of the splenic cords. C. The small openings in the sinusoids of open system present no obstacle to platelets, to the motile leukocytes, or to thin flexible erythrocytes. D. In the closed circulation, capillaries branching from the penicillar arterioles connect directly to the sinusoids and the blood is always enclosed by endothelium.

A. Removal of all RBCs and recycling of their iron are major functions of the red pulp.

Inconsistent with the splenic cord of Billroth A. Unusual elongated endothelial cells line the sinusoids. B. There’s a network of reticular cells and fibers in conjunction with lymphocytes. C. Stave cells are oriented perpendicular to blood flow and trap old RBC. D. The basal laminae are highly discontinuous so the RBC can enter.

C. Stave cells are oriented perpendicular to blood flow and trap old RBC.

MALT is found in the mucosa of most tracts but is concentrated in the palatine , lingual and pharyngeal tonsils , Peyer patches , and the appendix. c. It depends a. True d. True except lingual tonsils b. False

a. True

Main function of thymus A. Filter blood from waste B. Generate antibodies to previously sensitized individuals C. Kill foreign body considered as germs D. Induce central tolerance to prevent autoimmune disease

D. Induce central tolerance to prevent autoimmune disease

Survival depending on whether its TCRs can recognize and bind antigens on the MHC molecules properly A. Negative selection B. Positive selection C. Autoimmune attack D. Apoptosis

B. Positive selection

NOT an event when lymph node lymphocytes recognize an antigen in the lymph fluid? A. Activated cytotoxic T cells in the paracortex proliferate to a much lesser extent without forming follicles. B. Lymph node send signal to thymus to enhance lymphoblast conversion to mature lymphocytes C. Many newly made B cells, now activated against a specific antigen, differentiate as plasma cells and move to the medulla or to downstream sites beyond the lymph node where they produce antibodies. D. B cells will proliferate rapidly in germinal centers of follicles with the help of Th cells, often enlarging the entire lymph node.

B. Lymph node send signal to thymus to enhance lymphoblast conversion to mature lymphocytes

Not true regarding thymic selection A. Deletion of self-reactive helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the thymus is the basis for the central immunotolerance produced there. B. Only about 2% of all developing T lymphocytes pass both the positive and negative selection. C. T cells that strongly bind MHCs containing to self-peptides undergo apoptosis. D. The selection process for each pre–T lymphocyte begins in the cortex, ends in the medulla, and lasts about 1 week.

D. The selection process for each pre–T lymphocyte begins in the cortex, ends in the medulla, and lasts about 1 week.

How much of the body’s immune cells does MALT contain? b. More than half d. 10% a. Half c. Less than half

b. More than half

What kind of lymphocytes mostly predominate in MALT? M cells B cells T cells P cells

B CELL

Known cause of lymph node enlargement A. Growth of cancer cells inside the lymph node like that of lymphoma B. Proliferation of B and T cells as a reaction to infection or inflammation C. Both A and B D. None of the above because growth enlargement is hormonally dependent

C. Both A and B

The two-stage thymic selection process of quality control ensures A. That selected mature T lymphocytes will not attack old RBC since it is the macrophage who will destroy them and recycle the hemoglobin. B. That mature T lymphocytes do not overlap with B lymphocytes in terms of antigen detection and response. C. That mature T cells have TCRs that are fully functional but do not recognize and strongly bind MHC with self-antigens. D. That mature T lymphocytes protects developing immature lymphocytes by securing them from being attacked by the immune system.

C. That mature T cells have TCRs that are fully functional but do not recognize and strongly bind MHC with self-antigens.

What cell from the bone marrow will go to the thymus to mature? T lymphocytes Precursor lymphoblast B lymphocytes Red blood cells

T lymphocytes ??. Precursor lymphoblast (SAGOT SA SCROLL)

Case Analysis: an adult sustained a blunt abdominal trauma during a vehicular accident. Spleen was severely affected with lots of blood losing from the patient. What do you think happen as a result of that trauma? A. The splenic parenchyma is intact but the blood vessel entering the spleen are traumatically twisted causing obstruction of blood flow and eventually rupture of the vessel B. The splenic capillaries take up a lot of blood from the circulation due to the trauma causing congestion of vessels that eventually rupture. C. The impact of the trauma causes the spleen to rupture with tearing of its capsule and laceration of parenchyma causing hemorrhage. D. The trauma forced all abdominal organs to congest the splenic area and no blood enters the spleen with resultant loss of blood filtering capacity.

C. The impact of the trauma causes the spleen to rupture with tearing of its capsule and laceration of parenchyma causing hemorrhage.

Thymus originates from 2nd pair of pharyngeal pouches 3rd pair of pharyngeal pouches 2nd single pharyngeal pouch 3rd single pharyngeal pouch

3rd pair of pharyngeal pouches

Survival depends on a cell not binding to MHC molecules with peptides Positive selection Autoimmune attack Negative selection Apoptosis

Negative selection

Hassall’s corpuscles are sometimes seen in the cortex Occasionally true True It depends. False

False

True of medullary Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) A. Medullary TECs form a layer, joined by desmosomes and occluding junctions. B. Medullary TECs also express MHC class II molecules but form a sheetlike structure contributing to a functional corticomedullary barrier C. Medullary stellate TECs has processes containing keratin tonofilaments joined by desmosomes D. Large aggregates of medullary TECs are sometimes concentrically arranged.

D. Large aggregates of medullary TECs are sometimes concentrically arranged.

MATCHING TYPE secretes collagen ``` fibroblast adipocyte macrophage mast cells plasma cell ```

fibroblast

MATCHING TYPE involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions ``` fibroblast adipocyte macrophage mast cells plasma cell ```

mast cells

MATCHING TYPE Involved in immunoglobulin production ``` fibroblast adipocyte macrophage mast cells plasma cell ```

plasma cell

MATCHING TYPE highly developed phagocytic cell ``` fibroblast adipocyte macrophage mast cells plasma cell ```

macrophage

MATCHING TYPE serves as a cushion and a metabolic storage of energy ``` fibroblast adipocyte macrophage mast cells plasma cell ```

adipocyte

True or false: Cardiac muscle lacks satellite cells and has little capacity for regeneration. False True It depends

True? Cardiac muscle lacks satellite cells and shows very little regenerative capacity beyond early childhood.

What is the cytokine that activates macrophages? IL- 8 IL- 5 IL- 4 IL- 1

IL- 4

True of spleen: It is a primary organ for blood development It has no macrophages It has red and white pulp. It has both cortex and medulla.

It has red and white pulp.

Is the dermis a layer of epithelial tissue? No It depends Yes Unclassified

Fibrocartilage takes various forms but is essentially a combination of dense connective tissue and? loose cartilage hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage mixed cartilage

hyaline cartilage

The firm consistency of the cartilage ECM allows the tissue to bear mechanical stresses without permanent distortion. False True

True

Which if the following is true of chondrocytes? avascular high metabolic and mitotic rates-FALSE eiosinophilic cytoplasm with low RER content very mobile cells

avascular

A 40-nm-long coil of two polypeptide chains located in the groove between the two twisted actin strands. Myofibril Tropomyosin Tonofibril Sarcolemma

Tropomyosin

The lining epithelium that enclosed the secretions of your thyroid gland is ___. Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Pseudostratified Simple columnar

Simple cuboidal

Not true of thymic epithelioreticular cells: Secrete cytokines Compartmentalizes thymus into cortex and medulla Surrounds blood vessels in the blood thymus barrier around cortex. None of the above

None of the above

Not characteristic of innate or natural immunity: Native Integrates with other type of immunity Instant Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity

Antibodies bound to antigens on virus-infected cells of the body are recognized by the primitive lymphocytes called NK cells, which are then activated to kill the infected cell by releasing ___. Chlorine Detergent Perforin Alkaline phosphate

Perforin

Which type of cartilage does not have a perichondrium? Elastic Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage none of the above

Fibrocartilage

What is the cytokine that promotes eosinophil proliferation? IL- 5 IL- 8 IL- 4 IL- 1

IL- 5

Type of collagen fibers found in lamellar bone: Type II Type IV Type III Type I

Type I

This refers to the ability of receptors on macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils to recognize and bind to the Fc portion of antibodies attached to the surface antigens of microorganisms. Phacocytosis Phagocytosis Opsonization Apoptosis

Opsonization

You received a specimen from the urology department and found out that it is lined by transitional epithelium. The unique feature of the cells lining this epithelium is ___. It allows the cells to secrete substances to protect the organ from urine. It forms double sphincter to manage urine entry and exit. It forms an umbrella of dome-shaped goblet cells to neutralize urine acidity. It allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch.

It forms an umbrella of dome-shaped goblet cells to neutralize urine acidity. ??

Not true when comparing classification of muscles: Skeletal muscle is voluntary Uterus is smooth muscle Cardiac muscle is cylindrical Smooth muscles have striations

Smooth muscles have striations

Which of the following is true of osteoclasts? A. involved in the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue. B. found in cavities called lacunae C. multinucleated dwarf giant cells-true D. synthesize the organic components of the matrix

involved in the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue.

It covers the external surfaces of the bone: Periosteum Serosa Endosteum Perichondrium

Periosteum

In the medulla, those cells that react to self-antigens strongly will be destroyed by self-induced apoptosis to prevent autoimmune disease. Negative selection?? Antigen screening Antibody screening Positive selection

Negative selection??

Microscopic exam shows capillaries form a rich network in the endomysium bringing O2 to the muscle fibers. You are in ___. Epimysium Endomysium Perimysium Gymnatium

Endomysium

The glycosaminoglycan that has a repeating disaccharide of hexuronic acid and hexosamine. It is primarily found in the umbilical cord, synovial fluid, vitreous humor and cartilage hyaluronic acid keratan sulfate heparan sulfate dermatan sulfate

hyaluronic acid

Contraction causes “goosebumps”: Meissner Arrector pili Blood vessel Sweat glands

Arrector pili

A disease in which the bone matrix does not calcify normally Vit D deficiency Vit C deficiency Calcium deficiency None of the above

Vit D deficiency

Immunoglobulin that posses the placental barrier and confers passive immunity to fetus: IgG IgD IgA IgE

IgG

Most lymphocytes enter the paracortex of a lymph node via ___. High endothelial venules Cortical sinuses Medullary sinuses Medullary rays

High endothelial venules

Are restricted to absorptive epithelial cells lining the epididymis and the proximal part of ductus deferens in the male reproductive system: Cilia Stereocilia Both None of the above

Stereocilia

Microscopy on the endothelial lining of a normal blood vessel reveals an epithelium lined by only one layer of cells: Thinking of vascular adaptation due to recurrent infection Thinking of significant findings Thinking that the specimen could be mixed up with other specimens Thinking of the increased possibility of bleeding due to thinning of walls

Thinking of significant findings?? (previous MCQ with answer NORMAL FINDING). All other choices were repeated except for significant findings

A 9-year-old boy show signs of epidermolysis bullosa. Microscopically, you will expect ___. An abnormality of nexus An abnormality of hemidesmosomes

An abnormality of hemidesmosomes

What happens in the arteriovenous anastomosis when a person is exposed to snow? increase blood flow in the papillary layer decrease blood flow in the papillary layer

decrease blood flow in the papillary layer

Physiologic study using an electron microscope shows a segment of tissue containing hair and showing abundant blood vessels nourishing growing hairs. This is consistent with ___. Anagen phase Telogen phase Nutrigen phase Catagen phase

Anagen phase

You just woke up from sleep and went immediately to the mirror, you see one single pimple in the right side of your cheek. Upon closer look, you realized that the pimple already ruptured with dried blood clots and pus. At what skin layer(s) does this pimple affects? Dermis Epidermis and dermis Epidermis Subcutaneous tissue

Epidermis and dermis

5. The repetitive functional subunit of the contractile apparatus, the sarcomere: extends from Z disc to Z disc Sarcomere Both None of the above

extends from Z disc to Z disc

Not true of antibody: Has 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains Chains are connected with each other by disulphide bonds Fc region is the neutralizing site Variable region is the antigen binding site

Fc region is the neutralizing site

You are the pathologist on duty and you received a breast tissue for biopsy. On microscopy, you see cells that are quite abnormal in size, shape and nuclei within the full thickness of epithelium and beyond the basement membrane. Your diagnosis is ___. Invasive cancer Hyperplasia Metaplasia Carcinoma in situ

Invasive cancer

When blood flow in red pulp moves from capillaries into venous sinusoids, it is said to be in ___. Normal barrier Open circulation Closed circulation Abnormal barrier

Closed circulation

These are the core proteins to which sulfated glycosaminoglycans attach to proteoglycans multiadhesive glycoproteins mucopolysaccharides fibronectin

proteoglycans

Large complex with two identical heavy chains and two pairs of light chains: Tonofibril Myofibril Sarcolemma None of the above

None of the above MYOSIN

Racial skin color is due to ___. Number of melanocytes Blood vessel Temperature Amount of melanin in melanocyte

Amount of melanin in melanocyte

What will NOT happen when you are exposed to hot environment? The blood vessels respond to thermoregulates You developed goosebumps There is eventual sweat production. The fats in the hypodermis works to insulate the body.

You developed goosebumps

You diagnosed a case of Carotenemia. What is NOT consistent with your diagnosis? The hands looks-like jaundice Patient feels normal. Positive habit of eating yellowish or orange vegetables Yellowish vision

Yellowish vision

An autopsy of a fetus shows defects in occludins leading to destruction of fetal blood brain barrier. This is shown by ___. Abnormal morphology of gap junctions Abnormal morphology of tight junctions Abnormal morphology of hemidesmosomes Abnormal morphology of desmosomes

Abnormal morphology of tight junctions

3 functional separate compartments of a lymph node except: Hilus Paracortex Outer cortex Medulla

Hilus

You see your brother lying in bed exposing the skin of his back. What is NOT true regarding his back’s skin? The exposed part is ectodermal in origin. It has 4 epidermal layers. It has 3 skin layers. When playing basketball, it has sweat glands that thermoregulates.

It has 4 epidermal layers.

This disease condition involves gradual loss or changed physical properties of the hyaline cartilage that lines the articular ends of bones in joints. osteoarthritis osteomalacia osteopetrosis rheumatoid arthritis

osteoarthritis

A 24 year old male came to you complaining a possibility that he might have Kartagener syndrome. Of the information he had supplied, the following is NOT consistent with his complaint: That he has no child despite several attempts That has repeated bouts of coughing due to thick phlegm Both None of the above

None of the above

What is the immunoglobulin most found in allergies? IgM IgE IgD IgA

IgE

Defense in secretions like breastmilk and those lining mucosal tissues: Presence of the most abundant immunoglobulin Monomeric immunoglobulin Presence of a proteolytic resistant immunoglobulin in dimeric form united by J chain Presence of pentameric immunoglobulin

Presence of a proteolytic resistant immunoglobulin in dimeric form united by J chain

A piece of tissue from a patient with blunt abdominal trauma was sent to you for further identification. Upon reviewing, you see groups of splenic cord macrophages. Your basis for diagnosis is ___. Presence of black hematin pigment Presence of cells containing old, swollen RBC with hemoglobin Presence of cells producing iron Presence of sinusoid cells with yellow pigment

Presence of cells containing old, swollen RBC with hemoglobin

Immune cells recognizes on antigen when it reacts to ___. Epitope present in antibody Epitope present in the antibody Epitope present in the immune cell Epitope present in the antigen

Epitope present in the antigen

The dark bands are called what in (anisotropic or birefringent in polarized light microscopy): Z bands A bands I bands M line

A bands

What is the most common type of collagen in Hyaline Cartilage? Type II Type IV Type I Type VIII

Type II

MATCHING TYPE: major product of fibroblasts COLLAGEN FIBERS RETICULAR FIBERS ELASTIC FIBERS

COLLAGEN FIBERS

MATCHING TYPE: most abundant protein in the ECM COLLAGEN FIBERS RETICULAR FIBERS ELASTIC FIBERS

COLLAGEN FIBERS

MATCHING TYPE: delicate connective fibers in bone marrow and endocrine organs COLLAGEN FIBERS RETICULAR FIBERS ELASTIC FIBERS

RETICULAR FIBERS

MATCHING TYPE: exhibits extensible random coil conformation COLLAGEN FIBERS RETICULAR FIBERS ELASTIC FIBERS

ELASTIC FIBERS

MATCHING TYPE: forms from a network of microfibrils which as scaffolding COLLAGEN FIBERS RETICULAR FIBERS ELASTIC FIBERS

ELASTIC FIBERS

Areas where you can find MALT except: Tonsils Appendix Lymph nodes Peyer patches

Lymph nodes

What happened to the cells lining the stomach in Barret’s esophagus? It remained squamous It remained columnar It likewise transformed from columnar to squamous It likewise transformed from squamous to columnar

It likewise transformed from squamous to columnar

In humans, enzymes that are used to digest cellulose are found in low quantity in cecum but not in appendix. False Cannot correlate True It depends

False | ??

Patients with celiac disease may show decreased in the size of brush border of intestine due to sensitivity reaction to what protein? Glucose Gluten Lutein Starch

Gluten

An unknown tissue of lymphoid lineage was sent to you containing small central arterioles that are enclosed by periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of T cells. What is that tissue? Peyer’s patches Lymph node, cortex Spleen, white pulp Thymus, medulla

Spleen, white pulp

Are paracrine factors from leukocytes that signal NK cells to kill ___. Interferon Phagocytosis Chemokines Interleukin

Interferon

Another very large accessory protein, nebulin (600-900 kDa), binds each thin myofilament laterally, helps anchor them to α-actinin, and specifies the length of the actin polymers during myogenesis. Titin Troponin Tropomyosin Nebulin

Nebulin

Another 67 year old patient came in due to slightly fast growing skin lesion that is located in the left cheek. Close examination reveals a superficially spreading lesion with dark discoloration, irregular borders and more than 8 mm in diameter. What do you think is the diagnosis? A cancer that readily metastasize to lymph nodes. A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer A cancer that contains brownish fragments and disorganized melanosomes. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction

A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer

``` The perichondrium consists largely of? collagen type 1 collagen type 3 collagen type 2 collagen type 4 ```

collagen type 1

A segment of cervical tissue was sent to you for biopsy. Upon closer look using a light microscope, the epithelium is still intact but the arrangement of the cell’s nucleus are no longer regularly placed. Some are located basal while others are apical, central or lateral. In this case, the cell’s nuclear arrangement is said to ___. have lost its polarity. be cytospinning. Bipolar be Atypical

have lost its polarity.

Wrong correlation for lymph node tissue: Medulla: nodules of B cells and macrophages Hilum: entrance for blood vessels and sinuses Lymph node capsule: covering Sinuses: complex of channels through which lymph circulates

DONT KNOW

Which of the following does not accurately describe the function of cartilage? Provides nutritional support to bones Facilitates bone movements. forms the framework supporting soft tissues. Guides development and growth of long bones.

NO IDEA

Downregulating the intrinsic mechanism of immune system is ___. Gene cleansing Clonal cleansing Clonal deletion Clonal suppression

WALA JAPUN :(

Downregulating the intrinsic mechanism of immune system is ___. Gene cleansing Clonal cleansing Clonal deletion Clonal suppression

ANU KAYA?

Physically deleting cells from repertoire at one stage during their lifespan is ___. Clonal cleansing Clonal deletion Gene cleansing Clonal suppression

HELP I DONT KNOW

Patient who died of erythroblastosis fetalis or Hemolytic disease of the Newborn (HDN) underwent an autopsy. A chemical analysis of the fetal tissue show a characteristic immunoglobulin present in the fetus that is consistent with the ___. Presence of basophilic and mast cells infiltrating fetal bloody tissues Presence of dimeric immunoglobulin within the mucosal surfaces of the fetus Presence of the most abundant immunoglobulin that crosses the placental barrier Presence of pentameric immunoglobulin coagulated in clusters in fetal soft tissues and bone marrow

WHAT IS THE ANSEWER?

2ND BIMEX Flashcards

(203 cards)