2nd lecture Flashcards

Question

(according to purpose of research) what is descriptive research?

Answer 1

To document nature and characteristics of phenomena through systematic collection of data

Answer 2

To investigate relationships between or among variables ; Usually involves one group of subjects with measurements taken of different variables– mathematical relationship is established among the variables

Answer 3

To compare differences in outcome measures between/among different treatments or conditions

Answer 4

Independent variables (IV) Dependent variables (DV) is a variable based on how it will be used in a particular study; how an IV will be manipulated, and/or how a DV will be measured

Answer 5

Intervention(s) or treatments

Answer 6

Outcome(s) e.g., pain, dizziness, abnormal blood pressure

Answer 7

Research with measurement of outcomes using numerical data under standardized conditions; e.g., “What is your pain level on a scale: 0 to 10?”

Answer 8

Research that derives data from observation, interview or verbal interaction and focuses on the meaning of experience of the participants; e.g., “Describe the nature and type of the pain you experience.”

Answer 9

the design in which the investigator manipulates the independent variable; e.g., ➢randomly assigning subjects to groups; ➢managing dose or frequency of medication/therapy; A cause-and-effect relationship can only be established by an experimental design!

Answer 10

Researcher does not control/manipulate/alter the independent variable or subjects, but relies on interpretation, observation or interactions to come to a conclusion. e.g., * Survey research; correlational study

Answer 11

Once evidence is acquired, it must be critically appraised to determine whether it meets quality standards and whether the findings are meaningful and relevant to the clinical question. ▪ There are 3 major categories of appraisal questions (Table 5-3; Table 36-2): 1) Is the study valid? 2) Are the results meaningful? 3) Are the results relevant to my patient?

Answer 12

1) Is the study valid? 2) Are the results meaningful? 3) Are the results relevant to my patient?

Answer 13

* Title * Abstract Body of the text (word limits applicable) * Introduction * Methods (KEY to appraising evidence) * Results (Narratives and Tables and/or Figures) * Discussion & conclusion * References

Answer 14

* Define main problems underlying the study * Identify the knowledge gap in the literature * Provide rationale for a need of the study (i.e., setting a stage for the need) * Present the research hypothesis to be tested (for intervention study) * State the specific purposes/objectives of the study A research “question” is not always phrased as a question. Authors may state the purpose/aim of the study or specific hypotheses! (Portney 2020, Ch 36)

Answer 15

* Describe the conduct/performance of the study, and sub divided into ▪ Subjects/Participants * Who were the subjects? Inclusion/exclusion criteria? ▪ Design * Is it appropriate for answering the research question? * Was bias sufficiently controlled such as use of blinding? ▪ Instrument/Evaluation * How have the authors documented the reliability and validity of the instruments for outcome measures? ▪ Procedure * Were data collection procedures described clearly and in sufficient detail to allow replication? Operationally defined? ▪ Data analyses * How were data analyzed? Analyzed appropriately? * What statistical tests were used? Were they appropriate to the research question? ▪Summarized as W&H questions: * Who * Where: site of performance; Institutional Review Board (IRB) or ethical approval * What: Procedures/Protocol (tests or treatments) * How: data analyses 1) Is the study valid?

Answer 16

* Report the findings of the study without interpretation or commentary (fact only) * Answer questions in the order of the stated purposes in the text (often accompanied by tables/figures) * Present the outcome of statistical analyses 2) Are the results meaningful? * Is the sample sufficiently representative of the target population so that results can be generalized? * Is the effect large enough to be clinically meaningful?

Answer 17

* Present authors’ interpretation of the results * Compare results with previous pertinent studies (in agreement or in contrast) * Indicate limitations of the study * Discuss the relevance to clinical practice * Suggest future directions

Answer 18

* Restate the findings of the study with respect to the purpose or hypothesis outlined in the introduction 3) Are the results relevant to my patient? ▪ Were the subjects in the study sufficiently similar to my patient? ▪ Is the approach feasible in my setting and will it be acceptable to my patient?

2nd lecture Flashcards

(43 cards)