2nd Semester Final

Question 1

The term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

Answer 1

Homologous

Question 2

The term used to refer to a cell that contains to sets of homologous chromosomes

Answer 2

Diploid

Question 3

The term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes

Answer 3

Haploid

Question 4

The process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

Answer 4

Meiosis

Question 5

The process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

Answer 5

Crossing-over

Question 6

A fertilized egg

Answer 6

Zygote

Question 7

The principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

Answer 7

Base pairing

Question 8

A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Answer 8

Transformation

Question 9

A kind of virus that infects bacteria

Answer 9

Bacteriophage

Question 10

The process of copying DNA prior to cell division

Answer 10

Replication

Question 11

The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication

Answer 11

DNA polymerase

Question 12

Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

Answer 12

Telomere

Question 13

A single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Answer 13

Ribonucleic acid(RNA)

Question 14

A type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Answer 14

Messenger RNA

Question 15

A type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

Answer 15

Ribosomal RNA

Question 16

A type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

Answer 16

Transfer RNA

Question 17

The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template, or pattern

Answer 17

Transcription

Question 18

A long chain of amino acids that makes a protein

Answer 18

Polypeptide

Question 19

A collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation ova particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

Answer 19

Genetic code

Question 20

A group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein

Answer 20

Codon

Question 21

A process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein

Answer 21

Translation

Question 22

A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA

Answer 22

Anticodon

Question 23

A change in the genetic material of a cell

Answer 23

Mutation

Question 24

A gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

Answer 24

Point mutation

Question 25

A mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Answer 25

Frame shift mutation

Question 26

A chemical or physical agent in the environment that interacts with DNA and may cause a mutation

Answer 26

Mutagen

Question 27

A condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Answer 27

Polyploidy

Question 28

Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

Answer 28

Evolution

Question 29

The preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms

Answer 29

Fossil

Question 30

The selective breeding of plants and animals to promote desirable traits in offspring

Answer 30

Artificial selection

Question 31

A heritable characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

Answer 31

Adaptation

Question 32

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

Answer 32

Fitness

Question 33

The process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Answer 33

Natural selection

Question 34

A classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Answer 34

Binomial nomenclature

Question 35

A group closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature

Answer 35

Genus

Question 36

The science of naming and grouping organisms

Answer 36

Systematics

Question 37

In classification, a group of similar genera

Answer 37

Family

Question 38

In classification, a group of closely related families

Answer 38

Order

Question 39

In classification, a group of closely related orders

Answer 39

Class

Question 40

In classification, a group of closely related classes

Answer 40

Phylum

Question 41

The largest and most inclusive group in the Linnaean classification system

Answer 41

Kingdom

Question 42

A larger, more inclusive taxonomic category than a kingdom

Answer 42

Domain

Question 43

The domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan

Answer 43

Bacteria

Question 44

The domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that to not contain peptidoglycan

Answer 44

Archaea

Question 45

The domain consisting of all organisms that have a nucleus

Answer 45

Eukaryotes

Question 46

A particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells

Answer 46

Virus

Question 47

The protein coat surrounding a virus

Answer 47

Capsid

Question 48

A kind of virus that infects bacteria

Answer 48

Bacteriophage

Question 49

A type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

Answer 49

Lytic infection

Question 50

A type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA

Answer 50

Lysogenic infection

Question 51

An RNA virus that contains RNA as its genetic information

Answer 51

Retrovirus

Question 52

A complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi; also found in the exoskeletons of insects

Answer 52

Chitin

Question 53

One of the many long, slender filaments that make up the body of a fungus

Answer 53

Hypha

Question 54

The reproductive structure of a fungus that grows from the mycelium

Answer 54

Fruiting body

Question 55

A densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

Answer 55

Mycelium

Question 56

A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism

Answer 56

Lichen

Question 57

A symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi

Answer 57

Mycorrhiza