Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Imhotep 2 > 3/15/16 > Flashcards

3/15/16 Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Converted to pyridoxal phosphate and participates as a cofactor in transamination reactions (ALAS cofactor)

A
  • Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
  • Given with isoniazid
  • Succinyl CoA to aminolevulinic acid done by ALAS and its B6 cofactor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Treats: leukemias, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Wilm’s Tumor, and choriocarcinoma. Can cause NEUROTOXICITY including areflexia (absent reflexes) and peripheral neuritis (tingling in extremities)

A
  • Vincristine (binds tubulin to inhibit microtubule formation)
  • Vinca alkaloid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Alkylating agent also known as mustard gas. Used to treat testicular cancer, breast cancer, and lymphomas

A

Ifosfamide

-Note all alkylating agents can cause myelosuppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paclitaxel ADR:

A

Myelosuppression

HYPERSENSITIVITY (remember skin are also site of stem cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

During exercise, there is increased sympathetic outflow→vasoconstriction (alpha 1) of splanchnic regions, kidney, skin, and inactive muscles…so why during exercise is there a cumulative DECREASE in TPR?

A

Selective vasodilation of active musculature is achieved because metabolic factors such as lactate, potassium, and adenosine overcome sympathetic effects in these areas (overall leads to a cumulative decrease in TPR).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Exercise leads to vasodilation in skeletal muscle beds→ decreased TPR. What happens to the following in exercise? CO? Pulmonary resistance? Venous oxygen pressure?

A 
Increased CO (due to increased HR) via sympathetic activity
Decreased pulmonary resistance→increased pulmonary flow→better gas exchange
Venous oxygen pressure is decreased due to maximum oxygen being unloaded to the tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Right sided heart valve pathology…first two things you suspect?

A

IV drug use or carcinoid tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

AFP tumor marker

A
  • Gonadal germ cell tumors (yolk sac carcinoma)

- Hepatocellular carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CA-125 tumor marker

A
  • Monitor the response to treatment and detect recurrence of …
  • OVARIAN CANCER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA-19-9) tumor marker:

A

Monitor progress of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hunter Syndrome Inheritance

A

X-linked recessive deficiency in iduronate sulfatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is seen in HURLER syndrome (AR) but is absent in Hunter syndrome (XR)? Both are lysosomal storage disorders with accumulation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate (Mucopolysaccharidoses)

A

-Corneal clouding is absent in Hunter syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mucopolysaccharidoses Lysosomal Storage Disorder: Hunter Syndrome (X-linked recessive)

A

Deficiency in iduronate sulfatase→builds up of heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate
Mild Hurler + aggressive behavior (NO corneal clouding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Minimal change disease first line treatment

A

Corticosteroid → Prednisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Immunosuppressive agent that binds FK-binding protein to inhibit SECRETION of IL-2

A

Tacrolimus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Immunosuppressive agent that acts as an antagonist to PURINE metabolism (fucks up cell proliferation)

A

Azathioprine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • MTOR-receptor (mammalian target of rapamycin)

- Binds FK-binding protein→ acts to block SIGNAL transduction of IL-2 receptor

A

Sirolimus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Warfarin metabolism

A 
CYP450 system (CYP2C9 member)
Inducers of CYP450 cause increased metabolism of warfarin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CYP-450 Inducers: Chronic alcoholics Steal phen-phen and Never Refuse Greasy Carbs

A
  • Chronic alcohol use
  • St. John’s wort
  • Phenytoin
  • Phenobarbital
  • Nevirapine
  • Griseofulvin
  • Carbamazepine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inhibitors of P-450: AAA RACKS IN GQ Magazine

Try this one instead: Crack Amingos GQ

A
  • Acute Alcohol Abuse
  • Ritonavir
  • Amiodarone
  • Cimetidine/ciprofloxacin
  • Ketoconazole
  • INH (isoniazid)
  • Grapefruit juice
  • Quinidine
  • Macrolides (except azithromycin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Patients with chronic renal insufficiency are at risk for developing renal osteodystrophy due to decreased conversion of vitamin D from its inactive (25-hydroxyvitamin D) to its active (1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol) forms. How do you treat renal osteodystrophy?

A

-Calcium, phosphate binders, and calcitriol (synthetic vitamin D3) supplementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Toxoid vaccine (example diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination)

A
  • Toxoid = toxin like
  • No longer toxic like toxin but maintains some antigenic similarity (share enough epitopes)
  • CROSS REACTIVITY of TOXOID via van der Waals forces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Shigella flexneri vaccine is created how?

A

By linking shigella to an exoprotein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MMR and varicella are what types of vaccines?

Study These Flashcards
A

Live attenuated (weakened form of infectious agent or killed version of virus is given to patient)

25
Hemolytic anemia lab values (secondary to drug…Ribavirin)
- Decreased serum haptoglobin (binding to Hb from lysed cells) - Increased lactate dehydrogenase (released from lysed cells) - Indirect hyperbilirubinemia
26
Saquinavir
- Protease inhibitor used to treat HIV | - ADR: nausea, diarrhea, and hyperglycemia
27
PrPSC (misfolded protein) accumulates in CNS as amyloid plaques
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
28
Achondroplasia and Marfan’s Inheritance
Autosomal DOMINANT mutation in FGFR3 | Autosomal DOMINANT mutation in Fibrillin 1
29
ATRA (All-trans retinoic acid) is also known as…
Tretinoin | -Induce remission in APL
30
Oprelvekin (interleukin-11)
- Thrombopoietic growth factor | - Used to combat thrombocytopenia
31
Myxopapillary ependymomas
``` Adults = spinal cord (especially filum terminale) Children= fourth ventricle ```
32
Pilocytic astrocytomas
- Low-grade astrocytomas typically found in posterior fossa of children. - Uncommon in adults
33
What is the active form of prednisone?
Prednisolone (catalyzed by 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)
34
Selective alpha-1 antagonist that is used to treat HTN and urinary retention in the setting of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Doxazosin
35
Activated form of methionine is a very common methyl group donor:
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
36
Homogentisic acid builds up in the body and polymerize to form alkapton bodies, deposit to cause dark urine and dark cartilage. Patients suffer from decreased joint mobility and arthralgia; but are otherwise healthy.
Congenital deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase = Alkaptonuria (AR) Disruption in tyrosine degradation pathway
37
-Ablating part of the Globus Pallidus Internal (GPi) segment would reduce tonic inhibition of the thalamus in REFRACTORY Parkinson’s cases.
Pallidotomy
38
Fungal meningitis and encephalitis CSF findings:
High opening pressure Increased WBC w/lymphocytic and monocytic predominance High protein Low glucose
39
India Ink showing encapsulated yeast is suggestive of Cryptococcus…if Cryptococcus meningitis…how do you treat?
Amphotericin B and flucytosine → when clinical improvement is seen you can drop these to and start FLUCONAZOLE for the next 8 weeks
40
When a temperate bacteriophage carry genes that transform the phenotype of the host once incorporated this is called LYSOGENIC CONVERSION. Examples of this that increase pathogenicity include:
GAS- scarlet fever Corynebacterium diphtheriae- diphtheria Clostridium Botulinum- botulism
41
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome inheritance
-X-linked recessive
42
PCOS (polycystic ovarian disease) drugs used to treat:
Spironolactone- anti-androgen (will reduce hirsutism) | Oral contraceptives, gonadotropin analogs, clomiphene
43
Minoxidil
Rogaine (hair growth)
44
GAA trinucleotide repeat
Friedreich’s Ataxia
45
CTG trinucleotide repeat
Myotonic dystrophy
46
Fragile X trinucleotide repeat
CGG
47
ANP is released by cardiac myocytes in response to increased atrial stretch during times of volume expansion
Volume contraction (ex: furosemide) would cause ANP levels to drop
48
Prevents an ethical physician from giving in to a patient’s request for unnecessary testing
The principle of nonmaleficence
49
Methemoglobinemia may occur as an adverse effect of oxidizing agents such as:
Sulfonamides Dapsone Nitro drugs (?) Local anesthetics (ex: benzocaine)
50
Methemoglobinemia first line treatment is methylene blue (increases conversion of Fe3+ back to Fe2+)…what is an alternative treatment?
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
51
NAC (N-Acetylcysteine). Name 3 mechanisms
- Increases glutathione (because is a precursor) - Binds N-acetyl-p-benoquinone imine directly - It enhances conjugation with sulfates into a water-soluble product
52
Cyanide Toxicity treatment
- Sodium thiosulfate - Sodium nitrates - Amyl nitrates
53
Esophageal varies and ascites suggest portal hypertension
Think chronic alcoholism
54
Follicular thyroid carcinoma mutation
RAS
55
Alcohol fucks shit up in weeks 3-8 of gestation…how?
Inhibition of cell migration Impairment of cell differentiation Impaired or excessive apoptosis Alteration in cell metabolism
56
Papillary thyroid carcinoma mutation (most common thyroid malignancy)
Braf | Exposure to radiation
57
MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers)
Mitochondrial inheritance
58
GM-CSF acts to stimulate the growth of the common progenitor stem cell of neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and platelets:
The myeloid stem cell

Imhotep 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions