3. Abdomen

Question 1

the urinary tract begins at the __ and ends at the ___

Answer 1

begins at the kidney

ends at urethra

Question 2

in what section of the urinary tract is there a difference between the females and males system

Answer 2

urethra is different

everything else is structurally similar

Question 3

what is the main product of the kidneys and how do they create this

Answer 3

urine

created by filtering our blood

Question 4

what is the path of urine from the kidney to the urethra

Answer 4

kidney
renal pelvis
ureters
bladder
urethra

Question 5

how does the ureter passes inferiorly to the surface of which muscle and crosses what structure to reach the posterior aspect of the bladder

Answer 5

inferior to the psoas major muscle

crosses the pelvic brim

Question 6

the ureters cross the bifurcation of which major artery at the pelvic brim

Answer 6

common iliac artery

Question 7

the kidneys are located in what area and are encased in 2 fat pads what are they

Answer 7

retroperitoneum

peri-renal and para-renal fat pads

Question 8

where are the peri and para-renal fat pads

Answer 8

peri is on the inside directly surrounding the kidney

para is on the outside half of the peri renal fat pad

Question 9

what is the function of the fat pads around the kidney

Answer 9

protection as the kidneys are exposed posteriorly as they hand below the last 2 ribs

extra fat pads protect them and prevent them from moving too much

Question 10

what ribs are the left and right kidneys located behind

Answer 10

left = behind ribs 11&12
right = behind rib 12

Question 11

what bony landmarks can be used to estimate the ureter positioning

Answer 11

the ureters descend roughly in line with the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

Question 12

the bladder is behind which bones

Answer 12

pubic bones

Question 13

what are the differences between the male and female bladder and urethra

Answer 13

male = bladder sits on top of the prostate and the urethra is long with 2 bends

female = uterus lays on top of the bladder and urethra is very short and straight

Question 14

what are the 3 places that a kidney stone can commonly get stuck between the kidney and the bladder

Answer 14

at the renal pelvis (start of ureter)

crosses the pelvic brim (over common iliac artery bifurcation) as the path bends here

where it enters the bladder

Question 15

the GI tract begins and ends where

Answer 15

begins = mouth
end = anus

Question 16

what is the the oesophagus passes through what to get to the abdominal cavity

Answer 16

through the diaphragm

Question 17

what organ does the oesophagus transition into

Answer 17

stomach

Question 18

what is the top portion of the stomach called

Answer 18

fundus

Question 19

what does the stomach do

Answer 19

distensible to accomodate our meals

Question 20

what is the middle portion of the stomach called

Answer 20

body

Question 21

what is the distal part of the stomach called

Answer 21

pyloric sphincter

Question 22

is the proximal or distal stomach more muscular

Answer 22

distal as its the pyloric sphincter

Question 23

what is the role of the pyloric sphincter

Answer 23

control passage of food from the stomach to the small bowel

Question 24

what is the normal by product of digestion that could be seen in the fundus if the patient was standing erect

Answer 24

gas

Question 25

past the pylorus sphincter the gut becomes known as the ___

Answer 25

duodenum

Question 26

the duodenum is what shape

Answer 26

G shaped passes to the right then descends and passes to the left and then ascends slightly

Question 27

what is found in the inner curvature of the duodenum

Answer 27

head of pancreas

Question 28

what is the path of passage of food from mouth to anus going to take

Answer 28

``` mouth oesophagus stomach (fundus -> body -> pyloric sphincter) duodenum jejunum ileum ```

Question 29

what part of the GI tract is the duodenum part of

Answer 29

small intestine

Question 30

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine from proximal to distal

Answer 30

duodenum jejunum ileum

Question 31

what 2 parts of the small intestine are suspended from the body wall

Answer 31

jejunum and ileum

Question 32

what are the 2 reasons for why the jejunum and ileum are so convoluted and suspended

Answer 32

allows for greater length of bowel to fit and increase absorption allow lots of movement and mobility for passage of food

Question 33

what are the ring like structures traversing the inner walls of the small intestine

Answer 33

plicae circularis valvulae conniventes

Question 34

what are the 9 regions of the abdomen

Answer 34

right hypochondrium -> epigastric region -> left hypochondrium right flank -> umbilical region -> left flank right groin -> pubic region -> left groin

Question 35

what abdomen region does the large intestine start around

Answer 35

right groin

Question 36

where does the large intestine start? ie its the transition of ___ into the ____

Answer 36

ileum into the caecum

Question 37

what abdomen region is the ascending colon located in

Answer 37

right flank

Question 38

what abdomen region is the hepatic flexure located in

Answer 38

right hypochondrium

Question 39

what abdomen region is the transverse colon located in

Answer 39

epigastric region

Question 40

what abdomen region is the splenic flexure located in

Answer 40

left hypochondrium

Question 41

what abdomen region is the descending colon located in

Answer 41

left flank

Question 42

what abdomen region is the sigmoid colon located in

Answer 42

left groin

Question 43

what abdomen region is the rectum located in

Answer 43

pubic region

Question 44

what does epigastric mean in the context of the GI tract association

Answer 44

near (epi-) the stomach (-gastric)

Question 45

what part of the bowel is the appendix attached to what abdomen region is the appendix located in

Answer 45

attached to the caecum (junction of the ileum and cecum) and found in the right groin

Question 46

what is the difference in morphology between the small intestine and the large intestine

Answer 46

large is more saccular and dilated | small is smaller and is a muscular tube

Question 47

what are teniae coli

Answer 47

longitudinal bands of muscle in the large intestine

Question 48

what are haustra

Answer 48

sac like out pouchings of the intestinal wall

Question 49

the liver is located where and under what

Answer 49

in the abdominal cavity under the right dome of the diaphragm

Question 50

how many anatomical lobes are there on the anterior face of the liver what are they

Answer 50

2 right and left lobes

Question 51

what is the right and left lobes split by on the anterior surface on the liver

Answer 51

falciform ligament

Question 52

what does the falciform ligament do

Answer 52

anchor the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

Question 53

is the right or left anatomical lobe larger for the liver

Answer 53

right anatomical lobe is larger

Question 54

how many anatomical lobes and regions are there on the posterior face of the liver what are they

Answer 54

4 lobes and one region Left and right lobes caudate lobe quadrate lobe

Question 55

what is the vessel and organ in the top and bottom respectively middle of the posterior face of the liver

Answer 55

IVC and gall bladder

Question 56

what is the caudates lobe in relation to the IVC

Answer 56

caudate lobe sits to the left of the IVC

Question 57

what is the quadrate lobe in relation to the gall bladder

Answer 57

quadrate lobe sits to the left of the gall bladder

Question 58

is the caudate or quadrate lobe of the liver at the top of the liver

Answer 58

caudate lobe is above quadrate lobe

Question 59

where is the bare region of the liver and what is it fused to and for what purpose

Answer 59

above the right lobe on the posterior face of the liver fused to diaphragm for anchoring

Question 60

which area of the body's 9 abdominal regions is the liver located in

Answer 60

Right hypochondrium region and into the epigastric

Question 61

how far superiorly does the liver extend using the ribs as surface markers

Answer 61

rib 5/6

Question 62

ribs 11 and 12 are on the anterior and posterior true/false? why?

Answer 62

false not on the anterior surface

Question 63

where is the gall bladder located on the liver

Answer 63

pinned to and hangs from the inferior surface of the liver

Question 64

what does the gallbladder do

Answer 64

store and concentrate bile

Question 65

what can develop in the gallbladder

Answer 65

gall stones

Question 66

what surface landmark can indicate the gall bladder

Answer 66

costal cartilage of the right 9th rib in the midclavicular line NOTE must specify which side

Question 67

what is the difference between the physiological and anatomical division

Answer 67

physiological principle whereby right and left side have their own blood supply and biliary drainage

Question 68

what divides the right and left physiological lobes

Answer 68

cantlie's line

Question 69

what is the cantlie's line also known as

Answer 69

principle plane

Question 70

where does the cantlies line lie in relation to the IVC and gallbladder

Answer 70

runs vertically and roughly in line with the IVC and tip of the gallbladder

Question 71

considering cantlie's line, what can you notice about the physiological and anatomical lobes in terms of the right/left, caudate and quadrate lobe locations

Answer 71

part of the right anatomical lobe is in the left physiological lobe the quadrate and caudate lobes lie within the left side

Question 72

the pancreas is a ____ organ

Answer 72

retroperotineal organ

Question 73

where is the pancreas located in terms of the midline, abdominal aorta and spleen

Answer 73

begins to the right of the midline, passing anteriorly to the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery origin (formation of hepatic vein) and extends laterally, superiorly and slightly posteriorly to the left ending at the spleen

Question 74

which part of the gut tube is the pancreas head closely connected with

Answer 74

descending duodenum

Question 75

the head of the pancreas transmits which 2 ducts that drain where

Answer 75

pancreatic and bile ducts from liver/gallbladder that drain into the gut

Question 76

the spleen is part of the gut true/false why

Answer 76

false its a lymphoid organ

Question 77

what does the spleen do

Answer 77

filter blood and is part of the immune response

Question 78

where does the spleen get its blood supply from

Answer 78

splenic artery

Question 79

where is the spleens position in the abdomen in terms of the associated body region and surface landmarks

Answer 79

in left hypochondrium superior to the left kidney and inferior to the diaphragm deep to ribs 9-11 on the left side

Question 80

the blood supply to the abdominal organs arises entirely from which vessl

Answer 80

abdominal aorta

Question 81

the abdominal aorta runs through the abdomen ___ to the vertebrae

Answer 81

anterior

Question 82

the abdominal aorta gives off how many pre-aortic branches and which are they

Answer 82

3 celiac trunk superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery

Question 83

which vertebral level gives rise to the celiac trunk

Answer 83

T12 - L1

Question 84

which part of the gut is supplied by the celiac trunk

Answer 84

foregut structures

Question 85

which vertebral level gives rise to the superior mesenteric artery

Answer 85

L1

Question 86

which part of the gut is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery

Answer 86

midgut structures

Question 87

which vertebral level gives rise to the inferior mesenteric artery

Answer 87

L3

Question 88

which part of the gut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery

Answer 88

hindgut structures

Question 89

order the pre-aortic branches from top to bottom

Answer 89

celiac trunk SMA IMA

Question 90

what are the organs that are a part of the foregut

Answer 90

distal oesophagus to 1/2 duodenum liver, spleen and pancreas

Question 91

what are the organs that are a part of the midgut

Answer 91

distal 1/2 duodenum to 2/3 transverse colon (including jejunum and ileum)

Question 92

what are the organs that are a part of the hindgut

Answer 92

distal 1/3 transverse colon to rectum

Question 93

the celiac trunk splits into how main branches what are they and what direction do they go

Answer 93

3 common hepatic artery (to the right) left gastric artery (superior) splenic artery (to the left)

Question 94

at which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

Answer 94

L4

Question 95

what 2 arteries does the abdominal aorta bifurcates into

Answer 95

internal and external iliac arteries

Question 96

at which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava bifurcate

Answer 96

L5

Question 97

the internal iliacs supplies what structure

Answer 97

majority of the pelvis viscera

Question 98

what major artery does the external iliac become

Answer 98

femoral artery

Question 99

what does the common hepatic artery supply

Answer 99

the liver

Question 100

what does the left gastric supply

Answer 100

stomach

Question 101

what does the splenic artery supply

Answer 101

spleen

Question 102

the renal vein and artery are said to be ___-aortic

Answer 102

para

Question 103

what does pre-aortic and para-aortic mean

Answer 103

pre = before (in front of)/midline off the front para = beside/off the sides of the aorta

Question 104

the renal vein drains into what

Answer 104

IVC

Question 105

the left and right renal vein have what observable difference and why? why is this difference not observed for the aorta

Answer 105

left is 3x longer as the IVC is on the right hand side of the body aorta is more midline hence less difference

Question 106

the left renal vein takes what path back to the IVC where is it at risk and why

Answer 106

crosses over the aorta and under the SMA risks being clamped off as it sits between 2 hard structures (eg surring SMA aneurysm)

Question 107

does the venous blood all drain back directly to the IVC why

Answer 107

no blood contains the things we digested and absorbed both good and bad so must first be processed at the liver

Question 108

where does the venous blood drain to

Answer 108

portal vein (portal venous system)

Question 109

are there vein equivalents for all the the pre-aortic arteries

Answer 109

there is a superior and inferior messenteric vein but no celiac vein

Question 110

which 2 veins form the portal vein deep to the pancreas

Answer 110

splenic and superior mesenteric veins

Question 111

which vein does the inferior mesenteric vein go into

Answer 111

splenic vein

Question 112

why does the IMV not drain into the SMV or directly why doesnt the SMV drain into the IMV etc

Answer 112

has to cross the midline so safer to drain the splenic vein first

Question 113

the portal vein splits into 2 veins what are they what do the 2 supply

Answer 113

left and right portal veins supplies the left and right physiological halves of the liver

Question 114

once processed by the liver the blood in the liver drains by how many hepatic veins and where does it drain to can they be seen externally why or why not

Answer 114

3 hepatic veins into the IVC and reenters into the normal systemic circulation no as they are found within the liver