3. BIAS AND DISCRIMINATION

Question 1

What is prejudice?

Answer 1

An adverse opinion formed without sufficient knowledge.

Question 2

What is a stereotype?

Answer 2

A standardised, oversimplified mental picture of a group.

Question 3

What is a social schema?

Answer 3

A mental framework for interpreting social information.

Question 4

What is attributional ambiguity?

Answer 4

Uncertainty about whether discrimination or other factors caused a negative outcome.

Question 5

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 5

Anxiety from the fear of confirming a negative stereotype, which can worsen performance.

Question 6

What is stereotype lift?

Answer 6

Improved performance when exposed to positive stereotypes.

Question 7

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 7

When expectations about a person lead them to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.

Question 8

What is the halo effect?

Answer 8

Assuming that physically attractive people have other positive traits.

Question 9

What is the primacy effect in social cognition?

Answer 9

Placing more weight on the first information received about someone.

Question 10

What is the mere exposure effect?

Answer 10

The tendency to prefer familiar stimuli.

Question 11

What is social stigma?

Answer 11

Devaluation of a social identity due to negative stereotypes.

Question 12

What is overt discrimination?

Answer 12

Open and direct unfair treatment of individuals.

Question 13

What is subtle discrimination?

Answer 13

Less obvious, covert, or implicit unfair treatment.

Question 14

What is aversive racism?

Answer 14

Subtle prejudice where individuals avoid interracial contact due to discomfort.

Question 15

What is authoritarian personality theory?

Answer 15

A theory suggesting prejudice arises from personality traits like obedience to authority.

Question 16

Who proposed authoritarian personality theory?

Answer 16

Adorno et al. (1950).

Question 17

What is right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)?

Answer 17

Prejudice linked to attitudes of conventionalism, authoritarian aggression, and submission.

Question 18

Who proposed right-wing authoritarianism?

Answer 18

Altemeyer (1998).

Question 19

What is social dominance theory?

Answer 19

The belief that groups support social hierarchies to maintain power and status.

Question 20

Who proposed social dominance theory?

Answer 20

Sidanius & Pratto (1999).

Question 21

What is system justification theory?

Answer 21

The idea that people defend the status quo to reduce uncertainty and anxiety.

Question 22

Who proposed system justification theory?

Answer 22

Jost & Van der Torn (2012).

Question 23

What is structural discrimination?

Answer 23

Systemic inequality embedded in institutions and social structures.

Question 24

What is structural misogyny?

Answer 24

Societal norms and institutions that marginalise women.

Question 25

What is structural racism?

Answer 25

Societal norms and systems that perpetuate racial inequality.

Question 26

What did Simone de Beauvoir argue in The Second Sex?

Answer 26

Femininity is a social construction created by men to define women as the "second sex".

Question 27

What is Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism?

Answer 27

A framework depicting Eastern cultures as inferior to justify colonialism.

Question 28

What is optimal distinctiveness theory?

Answer 28

The desire to balance belonging with a need for individuality.

Question 29

What is social comparison?

Answer 29

Evaluating oneself by comparing with others, often favouring the in-group.

Question 30

What is benevolent sexism?

Answer 30

Stereotypes that appear positive but reinforce gender inequality.

Question 31

What is hostile sexism?

Answer 31

Overtly negative and antagonistic beliefs about women.

Question 32

What is internalised racism?

Answer 32

When marginalised individuals accept negative stereotypes about their own group.

Question 33

What is dehumanisation?

Answer 33

Reducing individuals or groups to less-than-human status.

Question 34

What is infra-humanisation?

Answer 34

The belief that out-group members lack uniquely human traits.

Question 35

What did Hoffman et al. (2016) find about racial bias in healthcare?

Answer 35

Black patients were perceived as experiencing less pain than white patients.

Question 36

What did Munger (2017) find about racism on Twitter?

Answer 36

In-group white users were more effective at reducing racial harassment than black users.

Question 37

What is the impact of racism on healthcare outcomes?

Answer 37

Black patients face worse healthcare outcomes and higher mortality rates.

Question 38

What did Moss-Racusin et al. (2012) find about gender bias in science?

Answer 38

Female science students were rated as less competent and offered lower salaries.