5 . AGGRESSION

Question 1

What should be considered when defining aggression?

Answer 1

There are many definitions and types of aggression.

Question 2

What is the common element across definitions of aggression?

Answer 2

Intent to harm another individual who is motivated to avoid that harm.

Question 3

How is violence defined?

Answer 3

An extreme form of aggression intended to cause severe physical harm.

Question 4

What is the Type A personality associated with?

Answer 4

Competitive, overactive behavior; linked to conflict and driving anger.

Question 5

What is a key issue with Type A vs. Type B classification?

Answer 5

It is outdated and oversimplifies personality into categories.

Question 6

What has replaced Type A/B models in personality research?

Answer 6

Trait-based dimensional models (e.g., Big Five, Dark Triad).

Question 7

What is the Dark Triad?

Answer 7

A set of personality traits: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.

Question 8

How does alcohol influence aggression?

Answer 8

Impairs cortical control and narrows attention to provocative cues.

Question 9

What is the Alcohol Myopia theory?

Answer 9

Alcohol narrows attention, focusing on immediate cues while ignoring restraint.

Question 10

What did Taylor & Sears (1988) find in their study?

Answer 10

Participants who drank and were pressured delivered more intense shocks.

Question 11

What did Begue et al. (2009) find regarding beliefs about alcohol?

Answer 11

Believing one has consumed alcohol can increase aggression.

Question 12

What are Alcohol Outcome Expectancies (AOEs)?

Answer 12

Beliefs about what will happen when drinking, including expected aggression.

Question 13

What is disinhibition?

Answer 13

A reduction in social restraints that prevent antisocial behavior.

Question 14

What is the Online Disinhibition Effect?

Answer 14

People act differently online due to factors reducing self-restraint.

Question 15

What is “dissociative anonymity”?

Answer 15

Not being accountable online because actions aren’t linked to identity.

Question 16

What is “invisibility” in the context of online aggression?

Answer 16

Not being seen removes nonverbal feedback, increasing confidence to misbehave.

Question 17

What is “asynchronicity”?

Answer 17

Delay in responses reduces social feedback and accountability.

Question 18

What is “solipsistic introjection”?

Answer 18

Assuming imagined characteristics of others online based on limited cues.

Question 19

What is “dissociative imagination”?

Answer 19

Viewing online interactions as separate from real-world consequences.

Question 20

What is “minimisation of authority”?

Answer 20

Online environments reduce perceived authority and rules.

Question 21

What is deindividuation?

Answer 21

A psychological state of decreased self-evaluation and accountability in groups.

Question 22

What are the effects of deindividuation on aggression?

Answer 22

Increases likelihood of antisocial and aggressive behavior.

Question 23

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 23

Individuals in groups feel less personal responsibility for actions.

Question 24

What is dehumanisation?

Answer 24

Viewing others as lacking human qualities, such as emotion or individuality.

Question 25

What types of dehumanisation exist?

Answer 25

Blatant and subtle (Kteily & Bruneau, 2017).

Question 26

What are the effects of dehumanisation?

Answer 26

Increased aggression and reduced empathy towards dehumanised targets.

Question 27

What was Le Bon’s (1895) view of crowds?

Answer 27

Crowds are mindless, violent, and irrational; behavior is contagious.

Question 28

What did Reicher (1984) find in the St. Paul’s riots?

Answer 28

Crowd actions were structured and aimed at authority, not random violence.

Question 29

What is the General Aggression Model (Anderson & Bushman)?

Answer 29

Aggression results from personal/situational inputs affecting internal state and appraisal.

Question 30

What are the main stages in the General Aggression Model?

Answer 30

Inputs → Internal State → Appraisal & Decision → Behavior

Question 31

What is the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis (Dollard et al., 1939)?

Answer 31

Frustration always leads to aggression, either direct or displaced.

Question 32

What are criticisms of the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis?

Answer 32

Not all frustration leads to aggression; aggression has other causes.

Question 33

What does Social Learning Theory say about aggression?

Answer 33

Aggression is learned by observing others and imitating modeled behavior.

Question 34

What was shown in Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment?

Answer 34

Children imitated aggressive behavior, especially from live adult models.

Question 35

What did the APA (2015) review say about video games and aggression?

Answer 35

Violent video games linked to aggression but not violence.

Question 36

What did Przybylski & Weinstein (2019) conclude about video games?

Answer 36

No significant relationship between violent video games and aggression.

Question 37

What did Bonta (1997) find about peaceful societies?

Answer 37

Some societies value cooperation and humility, showing low aggression.

Question 38

What are honour cultures?

Answer 38

Cultures where personal reputation is protected through aggression.

Question 39

What did Cohen et al. (1996) find in the hallway bump study?

Answer 39

Southern males showed greater aggression and testosterone increase.

Question 40

What is a critique of cultural aggression research?

Answer 40

Many studies assume culture (e.g., individualism) instead of measuring it.