8.

Question 1

What is Freud’s theory of personality composed of?

Answer 1

Levels of consciousness, human motivation, structure (Id, Ego, Superego), psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.

Question 2

Who was Carl Jung and what was his contribution?

Answer 2

A Swiss psychoanalyst who split from Freud, founded analytical psychology, and developed theories on the psyche, archetypes, and personality types.

Question 3

What did Jung call the total personality? .

Answer 3

the psyche

Question 4

What are the two principles governing the psyche according to Jung?

Answer 4

Principle of equivalence (energy balance) and principle of entropy (drive for balance).

Question 5

What are the four main structures of the psyche in Jung’s theory?

Answer 5

Ego, personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes.

Question 6

What is the ego in Jung’s theory?

Answer 6

The unifying force at the center of consciousness, responsible for identity and continuity.

Question 7

What is the personal unconscious?

Answer 7

Contains repressed personal experiences, similar to Freud’s unconscious.

Question 8

What is the collective unconscious?

Answer 8

Inherited, universal instincts shared across cultures, containing archetypes.

Question 9

What are archetypes?

Answer 9

Universal symbols/themes in the collective unconscious (e.g., Persona, Shadow, Anima, Animus).

Question 10

What is the Persona archetype?

Answer 10

The “mask” we adopt to present ourselves socially.

Question 11

What is the Shadow archetype?

Answer 11

The dark side of our nature, containing repressed material and evil images.

Question 12

What are the Anima and Animus archetypes?

Answer 12

Feminine elements in males (Anima) and masculine elements in females (Animus).

Question 13

What is the Self archetype?

Answer 13

Drives individuation and self-realization, aiming for balance in the psyche.

Question 14

What are Jung’s two major personality types?

Answer 14

Extraversion (outward-oriented) and Introversion (inward-oriented).

Question 15

What are Jung’s four approaches to relating to the world?

Answer 15

Sensing, Thinking, Feeling, and Intuition.

Question 16

How does Jung classify the 16 psychological types?

Answer 16

Combining 2 attitudes (Introversion/Extraversion) with 4 approaches (Sensing, Thinking, Feeling, Intuition).

Question 17

What criticisms does Jung’s theory face?

Answer 17

Difficult to test, lacks empirical research, stereotypical views of gender, and mystical archetypes.

Question 18

What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

Answer 18

A psychometric test based on Jung’s theory, measuring preferences in perception and decision-making.

Question 19

hat are the four MBTI scales?

Answer 19

Extraversion-Introversion (EI), Sensing-Intuition (SN), Thinking-Feeling (TF), Judging-Perceiving (JP).

Question 20

What was added to Jung’s original four functions in the MBTI?

Answer 20

Judging and Perceiving functions, expanding to 16 personality types.

Question 21

What did Ihm et al.’s (2017) study on dental students find?

Answer 21

Judging types performed better academically; MBTI useful for understanding learning styles.

Question 22

What did Pestana & Codina’s (2019) study on future CEOs find?

Answer 22

Thinking types valued achievement; Perceiving types scored higher in heroism/benevolence.

Question 23

What are criticisms of the MBTI?

Answer 23

Poor validity/reliability, non-independent categories, ignores emotional stability, and oversimplifies types.

Question 24

What is the Barnum effect?

Answer 24

The tendency to accept vague or general personality descriptions as uniquely accurate.

Question 25

What did Forer’s (1949) study demonstrate?

Answer 25

Students endorsed fake personality descriptions, believing them to be highly accurate (Barnum effect).

Question 26

What were the results of Forer’s study?

Answer 26

High ratings (M = 4.30) for accuracy of generic statements like "You have a great need to be admired."

Question 27

What did Mason & Budge’s (2011) study examine? .

Answer 27

Whether self-referential thinking and schizotypy predict Barnum effect susceptibility

Question 28

What were the findings of Mason & Budge’s study?

Answer 28

Participants endorsed fake profiles (means 3.28–3.41); self-referential thinking increased agreement.

Question 29

What is the key takeaway about the Barnum effect?

Answer 29

People believe fake or generic personality descriptions, even negative ones, due to cognitive biases.

Question 30

How does Freud’s model of the psyche differ from Jung’s?

Answer 30

Freud: Id, Ego, Superego. Jung: Ego, Personal Unconscious, Collective Unconscious, Archetypes.

Question 31

What is self-realization in Jung’s theory?

Answer 31

The endpoint of personality development, achieved later in life through balance and self-acceptance.

Question 32

What is the principle of opposites in Jung’s theory?

Answer 32

Opposing forces in the psyche create life-process energy that motivates behavior.

Question 33

How does Jung explain personality development?

Answer 33

Ongoing throughout life, influenced by past experiences and future goals, aiming for self-realization.

Question 34

What is the Rorschach test?

Answer 34

A projective personality test using inkblots, criticized for reliability and validity issues.

Question 35

What are examples of common archetypes?

Answer 35

The Hero, the Mother, the Trickster, the Wise Old Man, the Child, and the Maiden.

Question 36

How do archetypes influence behavior?

Answer 36

They shape predetermined ways of thinking and reacting to situations (e.g., Anima guiding male-female interactions).

Question 37

Why did Jung study Freud and Adler’s disagreements?

Answer 37

To conclude personality types differ based on inward/outward orientation (Introversion/Extraversion).

Question 38

What is the role of the Persona archetype?

Answer 38

To adapt socially by masking inner feelings, though overuse can lead to loss of true self.

Question 39

What is the significance of Jung’s introversion-extraversion typology?

Answer 39

It remains influential in psychology, forming the basis for tools like the MBTI.