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A & P medic school > 3 Blood > Flashcards

3 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Circulation of blood

A

O2 exchange in cap beds
Systemic: O2 released CO2 picked up
Lungs: O2 picked up, CO2 released

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2
Q

Whole blood (8% of total)

A

Plasma 55% Elements 45%

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3
Q

Whole blood –> Formed elements are (number per L)

A

Platelets 150,000-400,000
WBCs 5000-10,000
RBCs 4.8-5.4 mil

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4
Q

Whole blood –> WBC –>

A 
Neutrophils 60-70%
Lymphocytes 20-25%
Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils 0.5-1.0%
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5
Q

Whole blood –> Blood plasma is made of

A

7% protein

  1. 5% water
  2. 5% other
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6
Q

Blood plasma –> protein

A

Albumins 54%
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 7%

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7
Q

Blood plasma –> other solutes (the 1%)

A

Lytes, nutrients, gases, reg substances, waste products

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8
Q

Vital stats of blood

A

pH 7.35 to 7.45
M 5-6L
F 4-5L

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9
Q

Functions of blood

A

TRANSPORTATION: O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, immunoglobulins
REGULATION: cooling by heat loss, buffers -pH, constant volume
PROTECTION - clots, WBCs and immunoglobulins

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10
Q

Hemopoisesis

A

Blood cell production in red bone marrow which occurs after birth

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11
Q

Red bone marrow is

A

Highly vascularized connective tissue located in microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone in:
Bones of axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles and proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur.

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12
Q

Eryhtropoietin

A

Regulates differentiation and proliferation of RBCS. EPO from kidneys

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13
Q

Thrombopoietin (liver)

A

Makes platelets

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14
Q

Cytokines

A

Made in red bone marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
Cytokines act locally to stimulate and regulate cells involved in nonspecific defence (phagocytosis) and immune response

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15
Q

RBC anatomy

A

7 micrometers in diameter
Biconcave disc shaped
No nucleus

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16
Q

Hematocrit is

A

Percentage of RBC in blood volume
Males 40-50 (average 47)%
Females 38-46 (average 42)%

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17
Q

Hemoglobin values men

A

135-180 grams/litre or
13.5 to 18.0 g/dl
Each RBC has 280 million molecules of hemoglobin

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18
Q

Hemoglobin values females

A

120-160 grams/litres or
12.0 - 16.0 g/dl
Each RBC has 280 million molecules of hemoglobin

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19
Q

Hemaglobin has

A

Beta polypeptide chains and alpha polypeptide chains

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20
Q

Why is vulcan blood green

A

Copper is the mineral of their O2 transport protein

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21
Q

Function of eryhtrocytes

A

Transport O2 using hemoglobin

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22
Q

Forms of hemoglobin

A

Oxyhemoglobin (hemoglobin with oxygen bound, bright red)
Deoxyhemoglobin (without oxygen, dark red)
Carbaminohemoglobin (Hb-CO2)

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23
Q

Production of RBCs

A

Kidneys sense low O2, increase EPO, proerythroblasts in red bone marrow mature more quickly into reticulocytes, more reticulocytes enter circulating blood, large number of RBCs enter circulation which increases oxygen delivery to tissues and homeostasis is returned

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24
Q

How long do RBCs live for

A

120 days

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25
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Pluripotent stem cells turn into myeloid (RBC/WBC) or Lymphoid (T, B and NK cells)
A progenitor cell decides which precursor cell it will turn into, the precursor then becomes the active cell
E.G Pluripotent to CFU-E (colony-forming erythrocyte, the progenitor cell) to proerythroblast to reticulocyte (which ejects nucleus) to RBC

26
Q

Dietary requirements for normal RBCs

A

IRON for hemoglobin synthesis
B12 for cell division
FOLIC ACID for cell division

27
Q

Anemia definition

A

Reduced O2 carrying capacity of blood, caused by reduction of RBCs or reduction of hemoglobin in RBCs

28
Q

Reduced RBC number causes

A

Hemorrhagic - obvi a bleed dumdum
Hemolytic - rupture of RBC
Aplastic - destruction of bone marrow leads to decreased erythropoiesis

29
Q

Causes of reduced Hb

A 
Iron deficiency (most common) 
from lack of intake, lack of absorption, or chronic blood loss
Pernicious anemia from low B12 or low intrinsic factor
30
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Glycoprotein produced by parietal cells of stomach necessary for B12 (cobalamin) absorption in the ileum or small intenstine

31
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increased in number of RBC causing thick and viscous blood in response to low PaO2 (COPD, high altitudes)
Poons notes say “hematocrit increases (80%)”

32
Q

Porphyria

A

Vampires
Rare genetic disorder causing defective Hb, pts have light sensitivity where light can blister/scar or cause rashes (photodermatitis)
Garlic consumption exacerbates condition
Causes retraction of gums which exposes roots of teeth

33
Q

Leukocyte nucleus shape

A

Nucleated shape depends on type of WBC

34
Q

Leukocyte movement

A

Have the ability to leave blood and vessels to move into tissue, via diapedesis

35
Q

5 types of leukocytes (I think)

A

Eosinphil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage

36
Q

Leukocyte ranges

A

4X10^9/L - 10X10^9/L

37
Q

Leukocyte sites of production

A

Red bone marrow, lymphatic tissue nodes, nodules, spleen) and macrophages/lymphocytes at site of inflammation

38
Q

Leukocytes life span/function

A 
10 hrs (PMNs) to 15 years (lymphocytes)
Function is immunite (innate and adaptive)
39
Q

Phagocytosis done by

A

Neutrophils (PMNs) and macro

40
Q

Specific immunity by

A

Lmyphocytes - NK cells

T cells; B cells –> plasma cells –> antibodies

41
Q

Platelet formation

A

Fragments of cytoplasm that break off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow and enter blood stream (thrombocytes)

42
Q

Platelet function

A 
Blood clotting (chemical mediators) 
Platelet plug formation
43
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Condition of decreased platelets

Leads to bleeding

44
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Too many platelets, possibly after a spleenectomy

45
Q

Hemostasis (stoppage of blood flow) requires

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood coagulation

46
Q

Enzymes in platelet plug formation

A

ADP, ATP, Ca2+, serotonin, thromboxane A2 (prostaglandin)
fibrin stabilizing factor
PDGF (proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle fibers and fibroblasts)

47
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

Platelets adhere to cells which activates them. They extend projections that enable them to interact with one another and liberate their vesicles (ADP, thromoboxane A2 cause vasoconstriction, ADP makes other platelets sticky) and then fibrin causes platelet plug to stick in place.

48
Q

Overview of clotting

A

12 clotting factors and a stabilizing (#13)
4 produced in the liver
4 need calcium
4 need vitamin K
Extrinisic/intrinsic have different ways of getting to prothrombinase but then its the same

49
Q

Prothrombinase

A

Start of common pathway
Converts prothrombin (in liver) to thrombin (an enzyme) which converts soluble fibrinogen into fibrin
Fibrinogen also made in liver

50
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Thromboplastin (also called tissue factor) leaks into cells from OUTSIDE vessels (trauma).
When Ca2+ present, TF makes clotting factor X, which combines with factor V (also needs Ca2+) to form prothrombinase

51
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

For when endothelial cells inside vessels get injured
Lipids release phospholipids when damaged by trauma.
Contact with collagen fibres activates XII which eventually activates X which then combines with V to make prothrombinase
*phospholipids (plus Ca2+) or blood and collagen activate 10

52
Q

Common pathway

A

Prothrombinase and Ca2+ catalyze converson of prothrombin to thrombin.
Thrombin plus Ca2+ converts fibrinogen to loose fibrin threads which are insoluble. Thrombin also activates XIII (strengthens and stabilizes fibrin threads into sturdy clot)
Plasma contains some XIII which is also released from RBCs trapped in clots
Thrombin plus V accelerate formation of prothrombin (positive feedback)
Thrombin activates platelets which reinforces their aggregation and they release phospholipids (Ca2+ make X)

53
Q

Vitamin K clotting

A

May have deficiencies if fat absorption (lack of gallbladder function) is altered.
Responsible for II (prothrombin) VII, IX and X

54
Q

Two mechanism of clot removal

A

Fibrinolytic system

natural inhibitors and anticoagulants

55
Q

Fibrinolytic system

A

Dissolves clots at site of damage once damaged vessel is repaired
Plasminogen (in clot) activated by plasmin which dissolves clot (fibrinolysis)
Drugs that do this are streptokinase, t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator)

56
Q

Natural inhibitors and anticoagulants

A

Neutralize clotting factors
Antithrombin, heparin, coumarin
Drugs that do this are coumadin and ASA
Prevents vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

57
Q

Thrombosis definition

A

Clot formation in intact blood vessel (thrombus)

58
Q

Embolus defontion

A

clot that dislodges and is transported in blood

59
Q

Hemophilia

A

Hereditary disease with a deficiency of a clotting factor, bleeding may occur spontaneously or after minor injury

60
Q

ABO system

A

A has A antigen
Neither antigen is type O
You have antibodies for whatever antigen you DONT have
Factors are IgM so they don’t cross placenta barrier (too fat mike) and produced a few months after birth

61
Q

Rh

A

Antigen present is Rh+ but Rh- doesn’t usually have antibodies until exposed to Rh+ blood

62
Q

Rh pregnancies

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if Rh+ blood from previous transfusion or previous births has gotten into mothers blood stream. If fetus is Rh+ a shot of RhoGAM (anti-RH antibodies) to prevent this which binds to Rh in fetus and inactivate it

A & P medic school (7 decks)

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