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A & P medic school > 3.C Lungs > Flashcards

3.C Lungs Flashcards

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1
Q

Function on respiratory system

A

Supple oxygen, remove CO2, regulat pH, smell, filter air, produce vocal sounds, excrete water and heat (small amounts of water and heat)

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2
Q

4 basic processes involved in respiration

A 
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
External respiration (alveolar gas exchange)
Internal resp (tissue resp)
Cell resp
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3
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere and lungs

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4
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between lungs (alveoli) and blood (pulmonary caps)

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5
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and CO2 from blood to tissue

through interstitium

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6
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Within cells, oxygen utilized

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7
Q

Two divisions of respiratory system

A

Structural and function

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8
Q

Division of upper and lower airway structurally

A

Pharynx and superior is upper, larynx and inferior is lower

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9
Q

Functional division of respiratory system

A

Conducting zones are all the way to terminal bronchioles and superior
Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts/sacs and alveioli

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10
Q

Functions of the nose

A 
Conduct air
Moisten and warm air
Filter air (hair, cilia, mucosa)
Smell
Speech (resonating chamber)
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11
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Located in cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity.

They are air filled cavities lined with mucosa, goblet cells, and cilia

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12
Q

Functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

Reduce weight of the skull, resonance chambers for speech, warm and moisten air

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13
Q

Pharynx

A

13 cm, from internal nares to level of cricoid cartilage.

Passageway for air and food, resonating chamber for speech

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14
Q

3 regions of pharynx from superior to inferior

A

Naso, oro, and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Posterior to nasal cavity, to soft palate.
Two internal nares, two openings for eustachian tubes, opening into oropharynx.
Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, and cilia to move mucus down toward inferior portion of pharynx.
Nasopharynx exchanges small amounts of air within auditory (through eustachian tubes) to balance inner ear pressure

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16
Q

Soft palate (nasopharynx)

A

Posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, arch-shaped muscular partition between naso and oropharynx.

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17
Q

Oropharynx

A

Posterior to oral cavity, from soft palate to level of hyoid bone. Only opening is fauces (throat)
(opening into mouth)
Passageway for air, food and drink.
Because of food abrasion its lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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18
Q

Two pairs of tonsils found in oropharynx

A

Palatine and lingual

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19
Q

Tonsil in nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal or adenoid

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20
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Hypopharynx. From hyoid bone to esophagus. Also has nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
For food drink and air

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21
Q

Tonsillectomy removes

A

palantine and lingual

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22
Q

Lower respiratory

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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23
Q

Larynx

A

Produces voice sounds, contains 9 pieces of cartilage, vocal cords and folds of mucosa
Is the voice box.
C4-C6
Cavity of larynx is space between entrance of larynx to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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24
Q

Cartilage of larynx

A

Thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage and three pairs arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate.

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25
Arytenoid cartilages
Influence changes in position and tension of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
26
Thyroid cartilage
Two fused plates of hyaline cartilage, present in males and females. Test makes it bigger Thyroid cartilage is connected to hyoid bones by thyrohyoid membrane
27
Laryngeal vestibule, infraglottic cavity
Areas above and below vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
28
Epiglottis
Large, leaf shaped, elastic cartilage covered in epithelium. Stem is tapered inferior portion attaching to thyroid cartilage, leaf is broad unattached freely moving (up and down) portion.
29
Swallowing pharynx larynx
They rise, elevation of pharynx widens it to receive food or drink. Elevation of larynx causes epiglottis to move own and form a lid over glottis
30
Glottis
Consists of a pair of folds of mucous membrane, vocal folds (true cords) and space between (rima glottidis)
31
Trachea
12cm long 2.5 diameter | Anterior to esophagus, extends from larynx to superior border of T5, where it divides into R and L bronchi
32
Branching of bronchial tree
Trachea to primary bronchi to secondary to tertiary to bronchioles to terminal bronchioles
33
Bronchi
At T5 trachea divides to R and L main bronchi. | R is shorter, wider, more vertical (food goes in here)
34
Carina
Where trachea divides into R and L main bronchi. It is an internal ridge formed by a posterior and somewhat inferior projection of the last tracheal cartilage. Cough reflex is sensitive here. Widening and distortion of carina is a sign of carcinoma of lymph nodes
35
Main bronchi divide into
Lobar (secondary) bronchi (one for each lobe) which continue to branch to segmental (tertiary) bronchi that supply specific bronchopulmonary segments Segments divide into bronchioles which branch repeatedly into terminal bronchioles.
36
Segments
Ten in right, 9 in left. Each has its own bronchopulmonary branch and vasculature A segment can be surgically removed without seriously disrupting surrounding tissue
37
Parietal and visceral pleura
Enclose and protect lung, line pleural cavity and secrete pleural fluid to reduce friction
38
Microscopic airway branching
Respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs to alveioli
39
Type I alveoli
Squamous cell epithelium. More numerous, and are the site of gas exchange
40
Type II alveoli
Found between type I. Cuboidal epithelial cells with free surfaces containing microvilli to secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps the surface and air moist. This fluid also contains surfactant (phospholipids and lipoproteins) to lower surface tension and prevents alveoli collapse
41
Alveolar macrophages
Remove fine dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces.
42
Physics of gases
Air moves from high to low pressure, therefore atmospheric pressure needs to be greater than in the lungs to move air in
43
Boyle's law
The pressure of a gas in an enclosed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
44
At rest diaphragm relaxed pressures
Atmospheric 760 Alveolar 760 Intrapleural 756
45
During inhalation pressures
Alveolar 758 Intrapleural 754 Diaphragm contracts and flattens
46
Exhalation pressures
Alveolar 762 Intrapleural 756 Diaphragm relaxes
47
Tidal Volume
Volume of one breath | Average 500mL
48
Minute volume
Tidal volume X resps over 1 minute. | 12X500mL = 6L
49
Tidal volume facts
70% (350mL) hits respiratory zone (resp bronchioles and beyond) 30% conducting zone, nose to terminal bronchioles (anatomic dead space)
50
Anatomic dead space rule of thumb
Its about the same as ideal body weight in pounds
51
Alveolar ventilation rate
Volume or air per minute that actually reaches respiratory zone (bronchioles on)
52
Inspiratory reserve
Amount can that be taken after normal tidal volume 3100mL males 1900mL females
53
Expiratory reserve
Amount that can be forced out after tidal volume 1200mL males 700mL females (residual after this is 1200males 1100 females)
54
Inspiratory capacity
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve
55
Functional residual
Expiratory reserve plus residual
56
Vital capacity
Everything minus residual 6000-1200 males 4200-1100 in females
57
Dalton's law
Each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure as if no other gasses were present The sum of the pressure of the gases = atmospheric pressure E.G Pn2 (pressure of nitrogen gas) is 78.6 % of 760mmHg or .786 X 760 = 597.4mmHg
58
Henry's law
Quantity of gas that will dissolve is proportional to partial pressure and solubility Very little nitrogen dissolves in blood as its solubility is so low CO2 24X greater Higher pressure causes more dissolving (pop under pressure keeps CO2 dissolved) Nitrogen can get into blood undersea because of higher pressures, slow ascent allows exhalation of gas
59
Boyles law
Pressure of gas inversely proportional to volume | Allows movement of gases as lung size changes
60
Forced inspiration
Requires energy for accessory muscle use
61
Muscles of inhalation
Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes External intercostals Diaphragm
62
Muscles of exhalation
Internal intercostals | External oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis
63
Partial pressures of CO2 and O2
Atmospheric CO2 0.3 O2 159 Arterial CO2 40 O2 100 Deoxygenated CO2 45, O2 40
64
External resp
Simple diffusion through thin alveolar membrane Large total surface are (70m squared) RBCs pass single file through pulmonary capillaries
65
How O2 is carried
1.5 dissolved 98.5 on hemoglobin (4 each) bound to RBCs
66
The globins
Oxyhemoglobin | Deoxyhemoglobin (with or without O2)
67
Factors that affect binding
``` O2 partial pressure (increases binding) pH PCO2 Temp Presence of 2,3 biphosphoglycerate ```
68
Acidity binding
Low pH shifts curve to right
69
Right shift means
O2 saturation percentage will be lower (less) at same O2 pressure (lower affinity) (more likely to diffuse off)
70
PCO2 binding
High PCO2 shifts to right
71
Temperature binding
High temp shifts curve to R
72
2,3 BPG binding
BPG released during glycolysis in RBCs, decreases affinity (right shift)
73
CO2 in blood
7% in plasma 23% carbaminohemoglobin 70% bicarb (HCO3-) CO2 + H20 H2CO3 H + HCO3-
74
Chloride shift
As HCO3- accumulates inside RBCs, some diffuses into plasma and Cl- diffuse in End result is CO2 carried from tissue cells as HCO3- in plasma
75
Influences on rate and depth of breathing
Cerebral cortex for voluntary control Chemical regulation from chemoreceptors Movement (propiceptors) Baroreceptors (bronchi, lungs)
76
Overactivation of stretch receptors
Impulse to pneumotaxic center which sends impulses to inspiratory and apneustic areas to inhibit inspiration
77
More influences on rate and depth of breathing
``` BP (carotid and aortic bodies baro receptors) Limbic system - emotions Temperature Pain Stretching of the B hole Irritation of airways ```

A & P medic school (7 decks)

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