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A & P medic school > 3.C Lungs > Flashcards

3.C Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Function on respiratory system

A

Supple oxygen, remove CO2, regulat pH, smell, filter air, produce vocal sounds, excrete water and heat (small amounts of water and heat)

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2
Q

4 basic processes involved in respiration

A 
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
External respiration (alveolar gas exchange)
Internal resp (tissue resp)
Cell resp
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3
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere and lungs

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4
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between lungs (alveoli) and blood (pulmonary caps)

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5
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and CO2 from blood to tissue

through interstitium

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6
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Within cells, oxygen utilized

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7
Q

Two divisions of respiratory system

A

Structural and function

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8
Q

Division of upper and lower airway structurally

A

Pharynx and superior is upper, larynx and inferior is lower

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9
Q

Functional division of respiratory system

A

Conducting zones are all the way to terminal bronchioles and superior
Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts/sacs and alveioli

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10
Q

Functions of the nose

A 
Conduct air
Moisten and warm air
Filter air (hair, cilia, mucosa)
Smell
Speech (resonating chamber)
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11
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Located in cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity.

They are air filled cavities lined with mucosa, goblet cells, and cilia

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12
Q

Functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

Reduce weight of the skull, resonance chambers for speech, warm and moisten air

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13
Q

Pharynx

A

13 cm, from internal nares to level of cricoid cartilage.

Passageway for air and food, resonating chamber for speech

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14
Q

3 regions of pharynx from superior to inferior

A

Naso, oro, and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Posterior to nasal cavity, to soft palate.
Two internal nares, two openings for eustachian tubes, opening into oropharynx.
Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, and cilia to move mucus down toward inferior portion of pharynx.
Nasopharynx exchanges small amounts of air within auditory (through eustachian tubes) to balance inner ear pressure

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16
Q

Soft palate (nasopharynx)

A

Posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, arch-shaped muscular partition between naso and oropharynx.

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17
Q

Oropharynx

A

Posterior to oral cavity, from soft palate to level of hyoid bone. Only opening is fauces (throat)
(opening into mouth)
Passageway for air, food and drink.
Because of food abrasion its lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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18
Q

Two pairs of tonsils found in oropharynx

A

Palatine and lingual

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19
Q

Tonsil in nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal or adenoid

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20
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Hypopharynx. From hyoid bone to esophagus. Also has nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
For food drink and air

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21
Q

Tonsillectomy removes

A

palantine and lingual

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22
Q

Lower respiratory

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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23
Q

Larynx

A

Produces voice sounds, contains 9 pieces of cartilage, vocal cords and folds of mucosa
Is the voice box.
C4-C6
Cavity of larynx is space between entrance of larynx to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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24
Q

Cartilage of larynx

A

Thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage and three pairs arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate.

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25
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

Influence changes in position and tension of vocal folds (true vocal cords)

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26
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Two fused plates of hyaline cartilage, present in males and females. Test makes it bigger
Thyroid cartilage is connected to hyoid bones by thyrohyoid membrane

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27
Q

Laryngeal vestibule, infraglottic cavity

A

Areas above and below vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

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28
Q

Epiglottis

A

Large, leaf shaped, elastic cartilage covered in epithelium. Stem is tapered inferior portion attaching to thyroid cartilage, leaf is broad unattached freely moving (up and down) portion.

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29
Q

Swallowing pharynx larynx

A

They rise, elevation of pharynx widens it to receive food or drink.
Elevation of larynx causes epiglottis to move own and form a lid over glottis

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30
Q

Glottis

A

Consists of a pair of folds of mucous membrane, vocal folds (true cords) and space between (rima glottidis)

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31
Q

Trachea

A

12cm long 2.5 diameter

Anterior to esophagus, extends from larynx to superior border of T5, where it divides into R and L bronchi

32
Q

Branching of bronchial tree

A

Trachea to primary bronchi to secondary to tertiary to bronchioles to terminal bronchioles

33
Q

Bronchi

A

At T5 trachea divides to R and L main bronchi.

R is shorter, wider, more vertical (food goes in here)

34
Q

Carina

A

Where trachea divides into R and L main bronchi. It is an internal ridge formed by a posterior and somewhat inferior projection of the last tracheal cartilage.
Cough reflex is sensitive here.
Widening and distortion of carina is a sign of carcinoma of lymph nodes

35
Q

Main bronchi divide into

A

Lobar (secondary) bronchi (one for each lobe) which continue to branch to segmental (tertiary) bronchi that supply specific bronchopulmonary segments
Segments divide into bronchioles which branch repeatedly into terminal bronchioles.

36
Q

Segments

A

Ten in right, 9 in left.
Each has its own bronchopulmonary branch and vasculature
A segment can be surgically removed without seriously disrupting surrounding tissue

37
Q

Parietal and visceral pleura

A

Enclose and protect lung, line pleural cavity and secrete pleural fluid to reduce friction

38
Q

Microscopic airway branching

A

Respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs to alveioli

39
Q

Type I alveoli

A

Squamous cell epithelium. More numerous, and are the site of gas exchange

40
Q

Type II alveoli

A

Found between type I. Cuboidal epithelial cells with free surfaces containing microvilli to secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps the surface and air moist.
This fluid also contains surfactant (phospholipids and lipoproteins) to lower surface tension and prevents alveoli collapse

41
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Remove fine dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces.

42
Q

Physics of gases

A

Air moves from high to low pressure, therefore atmospheric pressure needs to be greater than in the lungs to move air in

43
Q

Boyle’s law

A

The pressure of a gas in an enclosed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

44
Q

At rest diaphragm relaxed pressures

A

Atmospheric 760
Alveolar 760
Intrapleural 756

45
Q

During inhalation pressures

A

Alveolar 758
Intrapleural 754
Diaphragm contracts and flattens

46
Q

Exhalation pressures

A

Alveolar 762
Intrapleural 756
Diaphragm relaxes

47
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Volume of one breath

Average 500mL

48
Q

Minute volume

A

Tidal volume X resps over 1 minute.

12X500mL = 6L

49
Q

Tidal volume facts

A

70% (350mL) hits respiratory zone (resp bronchioles and beyond)
30% conducting zone, nose to terminal bronchioles (anatomic dead space)

50
Q

Anatomic dead space rule of thumb

A

Its about the same as ideal body weight in pounds

51
Q

Alveolar ventilation rate

A

Volume or air per minute that actually reaches respiratory zone (bronchioles on)

52
Q

Inspiratory reserve

A

Amount can that be taken after normal tidal volume
3100mL males
1900mL females

53
Q

Expiratory reserve

A

Amount that can be forced out after tidal volume
1200mL males
700mL females
(residual after this is 1200males 1100 females)

54
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve

55
Q

Functional residual

A

Expiratory reserve plus residual

56
Q

Vital capacity

A

Everything minus residual
6000-1200 males
4200-1100 in females

57
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure as if no other gasses were present
The sum of the pressure of the gases = atmospheric pressure
E.G Pn2 (pressure of nitrogen gas) is 78.6 % of 760mmHg or .786 X 760 = 597.4mmHg

58
Q

Henry’s law

A

Quantity of gas that will dissolve is proportional to partial pressure and solubility
Very little nitrogen dissolves in blood as its solubility is so low
CO2 24X greater
Higher pressure causes more dissolving (pop under pressure keeps CO2 dissolved)
Nitrogen can get into blood undersea because of higher pressures, slow ascent allows exhalation of gas

59
Q

Boyles law

A

Pressure of gas inversely proportional to volume

Allows movement of gases as lung size changes

60
Q

Forced inspiration

A

Requires energy for accessory muscle use

61
Q

Muscles of inhalation

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
External intercostals
Diaphragm

62
Q

Muscles of exhalation

A

Internal intercostals

External oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis

63
Q

Partial pressures of CO2 and O2

A

Atmospheric CO2 0.3 O2 159
Arterial CO2 40 O2 100
Deoxygenated CO2 45, O2 40

64
Q

External resp

A

Simple diffusion through thin alveolar membrane
Large total surface are (70m squared)
RBCs pass single file through pulmonary capillaries

65
Q

How O2 is carried

A

1.5 dissolved 98.5 on hemoglobin (4 each) bound to RBCs

66
Q

The globins

A

Oxyhemoglobin

Deoxyhemoglobin (with or without O2)

67
Q

Factors that affect binding

A 
O2 partial pressure (increases binding)
pH
PCO2
Temp
Presence of 2,3 biphosphoglycerate
68
Q

Acidity binding

A

Low pH shifts curve to right

69
Q

Right shift means

A

O2 saturation percentage will be lower (less) at same O2 pressure (lower affinity) (more likely to diffuse off)

70
Q

PCO2 binding

A

High PCO2 shifts to right

71
Q

Temperature binding

A

High temp shifts curve to R

72
Q

2,3 BPG binding

A

BPG released during glycolysis in RBCs, decreases affinity (right shift)

73
Q

CO2 in blood

A

7% in plasma
23% carbaminohemoglobin
70% bicarb (HCO3-)
CO2 + H20 H2CO3 H + HCO3-

74
Q

Chloride shift

A

As HCO3- accumulates inside RBCs, some diffuses into plasma and Cl- diffuse in
End result is CO2 carried from tissue cells as HCO3- in plasma

75
Q

Influences on rate and depth of breathing

A

Cerebral cortex for voluntary control
Chemical regulation from chemoreceptors
Movement (propiceptors)
Baroreceptors (bronchi, lungs)

76
Q

Overactivation of stretch receptors

A

Impulse to pneumotaxic center which sends impulses to inspiratory and apneustic areas to inhibit inspiration

77
Q

More influences on rate and depth of breathing

A 
BP (carotid and aortic bodies baro receptors)
Limbic system - emotions
Temperature
Pain
Stretching of the B hole
Irritation of airways

A & P medic school (7 decks)

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