3. Consolidation of Rival Blocs 1948-55

Question 1

The USA was very keen on western European ____, to ensure a strong ____-____ ____ and would accept German ____.

The USSR tried to avoid the ____ so that this strong ____ ____ would not form and Germany would move towards ____.

Answer 1

The USA was very keen on western European integration , to ensure a strong anti-Community bloc and would accept German partition.

The USSR tried to avoid the partition so that this strong capitalist bloc would not form and Germany would move towards Communism.

Question 2

The US wanted western European integration:

1. To deter people from wanting a ____ government
2. To significantly boost ____ ____
3. To provide valuable ____ for ____ ____
4. To eventually ____ the Eastern European states ____ of the ____ ____.

Answer 2

The US wanted western European integration:

1. To deter people from wanting a Communist government
2. To significantly boost world trade
3. To provide valuable markets for US exports
4. To eventually draw the Eastern European states out of the Soviet bloc

Question 3

After the failure of agreement over German reunification at the ____ ____ of ____ ____ in _____, which four powers decided to form a West German state?

Answer 3

After the failure of agreement over German reunification at the London Conference of Foreign Ministers in 1947,

1. Britain
2. France
3. USA
4. Benelux countries

Agreed to form a West German State.

Question 4

France was persuaded to support the formation of a West German State by the ____ ____.

This gave France, ____, and the ____ powers over and ____ in West Germany to prevent a repeat of World War II.

Answer 4

France was persuaded to support the formation of a West German State by the Occupation Statute.

This gave France, Britain, and the US powers over and troops in West Germany to prevent a repeat of World War II.

Question 5

On __^th ____ ____, the Western Allies introduced the ____ as currency in their zones without consulting the ____.

In response, the Soviets ____ introduced the ____ into their zone.

Answer 5

On 20^th June 1948, the Western Allies introduced the Deutschmark as currency in their zones without consulting the USSR.

In response, the Soviets immediately introduced the Ostmark into their zone.

Question 6

On __^th ____ ____, Stalin formed the Berlin Blockade in order to ____ the West to ____ the creation of the new ____ ____ ____.

Answer 6

On 24^th June 1948, Stalin formed the Berlin Blockade in order to pressure the West to stop the creation of the new West German State.

Question 7

The Western response to the Berlin Blockade was to implement an ____ of ____ through ____ authorised ____ ____.

Answer 7

The Western response to the Berlin Blockade was to implement an Airlift of supplies through three authorised air corridors.

Question 8

In ____ 19__, Stalin was forced to call off the blockade due to:

1. The Airlift’s ____
2. A ____-____ of ____ ____.

By ____ ____, around ____ aircraft including American _-__ planes had dropped ____ tonnes of supplies into Berlin.

The West had also made the Deutschmark the only ____ ____ in West Germany, which along with the ____-____ was ____ the Soviet ____.

Answer 8

In May 1949, Stalin was forced to call off the blockade due to:

1. The Airlift’s efficiency
2. A counter-blockade of Soviet exports.

By April 1949, around 1,000 aircraft including American C-54 planes had dropped 3,000 tonnes of supplies into Berlin.

The West had also made the Deutschmark the only legal tender in West Germany, which along with the counter-blockade was damaging the Soviet economy.

Question 9

The _._._. was set up in the West in the ____ of ____, with ____ as the new Chancellor.

Answer 9

The FRG was set up in the West in the summer of 1949, with Adenauer as the new Chancellor.

Question 10

On __^th ____ ____, after ____ ____ in West German elections by the ____, Stalin reluctantly agreed to the creation of the _._._. in the East, with ____ as the leader of a ____ ____.

Answer 10

On 12^th October 1949, after poor showings in West German elections by the Communists, Stalin reluctantly agreed to the creation of the GDR in the East, with Ulbticht as the leader of a sham democracy.

Question 11

There was no ____ ____ between East and West Berlin.

Answer 11

There was no physical barrier between East and West Berlin.

Question 12

The takeover of Communists in ____ and the ____ ____ in ____ persuaded the US that a ____ ____ was needed.

As a result, ____ was formed on the _^th ____ ____. It had ____ ____ which concerned the ____ particularly.

Answer 12

The takeover of Communists in Czechoslovakia and the Berlin Blockade in 1948 persuaded the US that a military alliance was needed.

As a result, NATO was formed on the 4^th April 1949. It had vague wording which concerned the French particularly.

Question 13

In ____ ____, the USSR exploded its first atomic bomb, and built up ____ ____.

Answer 13

In September 1949, the USSR exploded its first atomic bomb, and built up conventional forces.

Question 14

In ____, the Korean War sped up European ____ for ____ as they feared a Communist ____ ____.

Answer 14

In 1950, the Korean War sped up European moves for integration as they feared a Communist world takeover.

Question 15

Berlin was a focal point in the Cold War because of its ____ ____ as the ____ between the East and West, where ____ ____ and ____ were most striking.

Answer 15

Berlin was a focal point in the Cold War because of its geographic location as the gateway between the East and West, where cultural contrasts and tensions were most striking.

Question 16

West Germany was now seen as a vital country in the ____ of ____.

Therefore the ____ Plan was created on __^th ____ ____, to pacify French fears, where a supranational ____ ____ ____ (_._._.) would be created.

A treaty was signed in ____, but the plan was so unpopular that Charles Spofford created a ____ whereby ____ ____ from each ____ ____ would form a ____ ____.

This plan was known as the ____ ____.

Answer 16

West Germany was now seen as a vital country in the defense of Europe.

Therefore the Pleven Plan was created on 24^th October 1951, to pacify French fears, where a supranational European Defense Community (EDC) would be created.

A treaty was signed in 1952, but the plan was so unpopular that Charles Spofford created a compromise whereby small units from each NATO country would form a larger force.

This plan was known as the Spofford Compromise.

Question 17

NATO was split over:

1. Fears of US use of the ____ ____ in the ____ ____
2. French concerns over German ____ in the early ____

Answer 17

NATO was split over:

1. Fears of US use of the atomic bomb in the Korean War
2. French concerns over German rearmament in the early 1950s

Question 18

The USA created a Hydrogen bomb in ____ and in the early ____ diverted Marshall spending to ____ in Western Europe.

This caused ____ and ____ problems in Europe.

Answer 18

The USA created a Hydrogen bomb in 1952 and in the early 1950s diverted Marshall spending to rearmament in Western Europe.

This caused political and economic problems in Europe.

Question 19

The OEEC stands for:

The ____ for ____ ____ ____

It was founded in 19__

Answer 19

The OEEC stands for:

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

It was founded in 1948

Question 20

The OEEC organised Europe for the creation of ‘____ and ____’ to improve European ____, after the diversion of Marshall Aid to European ____ in the early ____.

Answer 20

The OEEC organised Europe for the creation of ‘guns and butter’ to improve European economies, after the diversion of Marshall Aid to European rearmament in the early 1950s.

Question 21

Stalin reacted to western rearmament by creating the ____ ____ ____ for disarmament in ____-__.

He also sent a note to Adenauer in ____ offering German ____.

He wanted to ____ ____ while also being able to claim the ____ ____ ____ to gain some ____.

Answer 21

Stalin reacted to western rearmament by creating the World Peace Movement for disarmament in 1948-50.

He also sent a note to Adenauer in 1952 offering German reunification.

He wanted to exploit divisions while also being able to claim the moral high-ground to gain some support.

Question 22

On __^rd ____ ____, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was formed to interlock the ____ ____ of Western Europe to make them ____ and counter the ____ ____.

____ refused to join as they feared they would lose contol of their ____.

Answer 22

On 23^rd July 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was formed to interlock the industrial economies of Western Europe to make them stronger and counter the Soviet threat.

Britain refused to join as they feared they would lose contol of their industry.

Question 23

The Soviet response to the OEEC (1948) was ____ in ____.

It was designed to integrate eastern ____ and link satellite state ____ under ____ control.

Answer 23

The Soviet response to the OEEC (1948) was COMECON in 1949.

It was designed to:

1. Integrate eastern economies
2. Link satellite state armies under Soviet control.

Question 24

On __^th ____ ____, Yugoslavia was expelled from ____ following ____ between Tito and Stalin.

Yugoslavia turned towards the ____ and received ____ ____ (but not ____ ____).

This led to a ____ ____ by the West in eastern Europe to try and cause further ____.

Answer 24

On 28^th June 1948, Yugoslavia was expelled from Coninform following disagreements between Tito and Stalin.

Yugoslavia turned towards the West and received American aid (but not Marshall Aid).

This led to a propoganda offensive by the West in eastern Europe to try and cause further rifts.

Question 25

Stalin died in ____, and was replace by a ____ ____.

Which 4 individuals was it made up of?

Bonus point for head of the Red Army.

Answer 25

Stalin died in 1953, and was replace by a collective leadership.

1. Beria
2. Molotov
3. Malenkov
4. Khrushchev

Field Marshall Zhukov

(Guy on far left isn’t Beria rip)

Question 26

President Eisenhower was elected in ____ with a strong ____-____ ____.

The collective leadership offered ____, but Eisenhower would only improve relations with ____ in the East.

Answer 26

President Eisenhower was elected in 1953 with a strong anti-Communist rhetoric.

The collective leadership offered detente, but Eisenhower would only improve relations with elections in the East.

Question 27

From __^th-__^th ____ ____, there was an ____ in the GDR against Ulbricht raising ____ ____.

It required ____ ____ to put it down, even though the USSR had tried to get Ulbricht to ____ his policies.

There was no ____ ____, however the event was used as a ____ ____.

Answer 27

From 16^th-17^th June 1953, there was an uprising in the GDR against Ulbricht raising workers’ quotas.

It required Soviet tanks to put it down, even though the USSR had tried to get Ulbricht to relax his policies.

There was no Western interference, however the event was used as a propaganda opportunity.

Question 28

In ____ ____, the FRG joined NATO.

To pacify France:

1. Britain promised to keep ____ in Germany
2. Adenauer promised to ____ ____ ____

Answer 28

In May 1955, the FRG joined NATO.

To pacify France:

1. Britain promised to keep troops in Germany
2. Adenauer promised to restrict troop levels

Question 29

In response to the FRG joing NATO, the USSR set up the _____ ____ on __^th ____ ____ between itself and the ____ ____ states (including the ____)

Answer 29

In response to the FRG joing NATO, the USSR set up the Warsaw Pact on 14^th May 1955 between itself and the Eastern European states (including the GDR)

Question 30

There was a supposed ‘____’ in relations between the East and West.

In ____, there was the Geneva Conference, the first summit between the US, USSR, and Britain since ____ in ____.

The powers agreed on ____ ____, however other more pressing issues such as ____ and ____ ____ remained deadlocked.

Answer 30

There was a supposed ‘thaw’ in relations between the East and West.

In 1955, there was the Geneva Conference, the first summit between the US, USSR, and Britain since Potsdam in 1945.

The powers agreed on Austrian independence, however other more pressing issues such as Germany and arms control remained deadlocked.

Question 31

In ____ ____, Adenauer visited the USSR to secure ____ releases for the last Germans in ____ ____.

However, relations between the FRG and USSR broke because Adenauer refused to accept the ____ of the ____ under the ____ Doctrine.

Answer 31

In September 1955, Adenauer visited the USSR to secure POW releases for the last Germans in Soviet camps.

However, relations between the FRG and USSR broke because Adenauer refused to accept the existence of the GDR under the Hallstein Doctrine.