5. The Rise and Fall of the Detente Era 1963-84

Question 1

The period after the Cuban Missile Crisis up until ____ has been known as the ‘Long Peace’ due to a ____ in ____ that led to detente.

Answer 1

The period after the Cuban Missile Crisis up until 1975 has been known as the ‘Long Peace’ due to a stabilisation in relations that led to detente.

Question 2

US aims for detente were to stabilise ____ in order to focus on the conflict in ____, whereas the USSR was distracted by rivalry with ____.

France and other European powers wanted to use detente to assert their ____ from the ____.

Answer 2

US aims for detente were to stabilise Europe in order to focus on the conflict in Vietnam, whereas the USSR was distracted by rivalry with China.

France and other European powers wanted to use detente to assert their independence from the superpowers.

Question 3

The USSR and China were both Communist, however Mao thought the Soviets were appeasers of capitalism because of their policies of ____ and ____ ____ with the West. A specific example includes the meeting of Khrushchev and Eisenhower in ____ to discuss ____ ____.

The Soviets felt that the Chinese wanted to ____ them as the ____ ____ ____.

They fought a Sino-Soviet border conflict in ____.

Answer 3

The USSR and China were both Communist, however Mao thought the Soviets were appeasers of capitalism because of their policies of deStalinisation and peaceful coexistence with the West. A specific example includes the meeting of Khrushchev and Eisenhower in 1959 to discuss reducing tensions.

The Soviets felt that the Chinese wanted to overthrow them as the leading Communist state.

They fought a Sino-Soviet border conflict in 1969.

Question 4

By 196_ the US had placed over ____ troops in ____ Vietnam to contain the spread of Communism from the ____.

They fought a bitter guerilla war against ____ fighters that caused a huge loss of ____, ____, and ____ from their own people.

The US also lost respect within its ____ allies, who did not support its actions.

Answer 4

By 1966 the US had placed over 500,000 troops in South Vietnam to contain the spread of Communism from the North.

They fought a bitter guerilla war against Vietcong fighters that caused a huge loss of life, moral, and support from their own people.

The US also lost respect within its NATO allies, who did not support its actions.

Question 5

The US eventually pulled out of Vietnam in ____, having failed to make significant progress, and the South was eventually invaded by the North successfully in ____.

Answer 5

The US eventually pulled out of Vietnam in 1972, having failed to make significant progress, and the South was eventually invaded by the North successfully in 1975.

Question 6

The US exploited the Sino-Soviet split by engaging in ____ ____.

President Nixon visited Mao in ____ and agreed to a ____ in relations.

This made the USSR seek ____ ____ with the ____.

Answer 6

The US exploited the Sino-Soviet split by engaging in triangular diplomacy.

President Nixon visited Mao in 1972 and agreed to a rapprochement in relations.

This made the USSR seek improved relations with the US.

Question 7

The Test Ban Treaty was signed in ____, banning nuclear tests in the ____, ____, and in ____.

It was signed by ____, the ____, and the ____.

But not by ____ and ____.

Tests could also still take place ____.

Answer 7

The Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1963, banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater, and in outerspace.

It was signed by Britain, the US, and the USSR.

But not by France or China.

Tests could also still take place underground.

Question 8

The Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in ____ ____, pledging not to ____ nuclear weapons to ____ ____ or ____ their manufacture.

Signed by the ____, ____, the ____, and the ____.

Answer 8

The Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in July 1968, pledging not to transfer nuclear weapons to other countries or assist their manufacture.

Signed by the US, Britain, the USSR, and the FRG.

Question 9

SALT I was signed in ____ ____.

It froze construction of:

1. ____ ____
2. ____
3. ____
4. ____-____ ____

The USSR were allowed more ____ as the US had more ____ that could hit ____ ____.

They were each only allowed two ____ ____ ensuring MAD.

Answer 9

SALT I was signed in May 1972.

It froze construction of:

1. Missile launchers
2. IBSMs
3. SLBMs
4. Long-range bombers

The USSR were allowed more missiles as the US had more MIRVs that could hit multiple targets.

They were each only allowed two ABM screens ensuring MAD.

Question 10

SALT II was created in ____ ____ with further limitations, but the US never ____ the treaty because the Soviets invaded ____.

Answer 10

SALT II was created in June 1979 with further limitations, but the US never ratified the treaty as the Soviets invaded Afghanistan.

Question 11

In ____ France withdrew from NATO and tried to weaken the US ____ in order to enhance ____ ____ and end the ‘____ ____’ of the Cold War.

This almost led to a US ____ from Europe, but President Johnson pursuaded the Senate to maintain a presence due to his negotiations with ____ over ____ ____.

Answer 11

In 1966 France withdrew from NATO and tried to weaken the US financially in order to enhance national prestide and end the ‘bloc mentality’ of the Cold War.

This almost led to a US withdrawal from Europe, but President Johnson pursuaded the Senate to maintain a presence due to his negotiations with Brezchnev over arms limitations.

Question 12

West Germany had a long-term goal to __-____ with the East and felt that in detente the best way to follow was ____.

This involved recognising the ____ of Europe and ____-____ ____ to gain better relations.

They set up trade missions to ____ and ____.

Answer 12

West Germany had a long-term goal to re-unite with the East and felt that in detente the best way to follow was Ostpolitik.

This involved recognising the division of Europe and post-war borders to gain better relations.

They set up trade missions to Yugoslavia and Romania.

Question 13

In ____ the Hamel Report committed NATO to ____ the West but reaching ____ with the East.

Answer 13

In 1967 the Hamel Report committed NATO to defending the West but reaching detente with the East.

Question 14

The Bucharest Declaration was the USSR’s attempt to stop ____ ____ from the satellite states with the ____.

It tried to define what the whole bloc wanted from ____.

Created in ____.

Answer 14

The Bucharest Declaration was the USSR’s attempt to stop independent initiatives from the satellite states with the West.

It tried to define what the whole bloc wanted from detente.

Created in 1966.

Question 15

In ____ ____ Alexander Dubcek became leader of the Czech Communist Party and wanted to change their regime to make it more ____ and ____ of the USSR.

He wanted ‘Socialism with a ____ ____’.

Answer 15

In January 1968 Alexander Dubcek became leader of the Czech Communist Party and wanted to change their regime to make it more democratic and independent of the USSR.

He wanted ‘Socialism with a human face’.

Question 16

Dubcek unveilled a program for change called the ‘____ ____’.

It opened the door to ____, lifting restrictions on ____ and abolishing ____, leading to ____-____ ____.

Answer 16

Dubcek unveilled a program for change called the ‘Prague Spring’.

It opened the door to westernisation, lifting restrictions on industry and abolishing censorship, leading to anti-Soviet propaganda.

Question 17

On __-__^st ___ ___, the Soviets sent ____ Warsaw Pacy divisions (____ troops) into Czechoslovakia, ending the Prague Spring.

Brezhnev justified it in so far as a threat to ____ in one country was a threat to ____ ____.

This became known as the ____ ____.

Answer 17

On 20-21st August 1968, the Soviets sent twenty Warsaw Pacy divisions (500,000 troops) into Czechoslovakia, ending the Prague Spring.

Brezhnev justified it in so far as a threat to socialism in one country was a threat to the others.

This became known as the Brechnev Doctrine.

Question 18

Willy Brandt became ____ of the FRG with a full mandate for ____, for which he gained other nations’ support by emphasising that he did not wish to leave ____ or the ____ (____ ____ ____).

Answer 18

Willy Brandt became Chancellor of the FRG with a full mandate for Ostpolitik, for which he gained other nations’ support by emphasising that he did not wish to leave NATO or the EEC (European Economic Community).

Question 19

In ____ ____ the Treaty of Moscow was signed by the FRG and USSR declaring they had no ____ ____ and the Polish frontier (the ___-___ line) was ‘____’.

The USSR had their ____ ____, but not without conceding that the FRG had the right to work for ____.

Answer 19

In August 1970 the Treaty of Moscow was signed by the FRG and USSR declaring they had no territorial claims and the Polish frontier (the Oder-Neisse line) was ‘inviolable’.

The USSR had their empire recognised, but not without conceding that the FRG had the right to work for reunification.

Question 20

In ____ , the Warsaw Treaty saw the FRG and Poland assure ____-____ and ‘____’ borders, and in ____ the Prague Treaty saw the FRG and Czechoslovakia declare no ____ ____ and ‘____’ of borders.

Answer 20

In 1970, the Warsaw Treaty saw the FRG and Poland assure non-violence and ‘inviolable’ borders, and in 1973 the Prague Treaty saw the FRG and Czechoslovakia declare no territory claims and ‘inviolable’ of borders.

Question 21

In ____ ____, the Four Power Treaty on Berlin was signed.

This saw the USSR allow:

1. ____ ____ between West Berlin and the FRG
2. Recognised the ____ between the ____
3. Recognised the right of West Berliners to visit the ____

The USA, UK, and France all agreed that West Berlin was ____ ____ ____ of the FRG.

Answer 21

In September 1971, the Four Power Treaty on Berlin was signed.

This saw the USSR allow:

1. Unimpeded traffic between West Berlin and the FRG
2. Recognised the ties between the two
3. Recognised the right of West Berliners to visit the East

The USA, UK, and France all agreed that West Berlin was not legally part of the FRG.

Question 22

In ____ ____, the Basic Treaty was signed in which the FRG recognised the GDR as an ____ and ____ state, with both being represented at the ____.

Answer 22

In December 1972, the Basic Treaty was signed in which the FRG recognised the GDR as an equal and sovereign state, with both being represented at the UN.

Question 23

The FRG insisted that it still considered people of the GDR to be ____ ____, and hoped that the magnetic ____ and ____ forces of the West would draw them across.

Answer 23

The FRG insisted that it still considered people of the GDR to be German citizens, and hoped that the magnetic social and economic forces of the West would draw them across.

Question 24

In ____ ____, the Helsinki Accords were signed. They had three ‘baskets’.

Basket 1 insisted on the ____ ____ of disputes and ____ of borders.

Basket 2 stressed cooperation in ____, ____, ____, and the ____.

Basket 3 called for cooperation in ____ and ____ areas.

Answer 24

In August 1975, the Helsinki Accords were signed. They had three ‘baskets’.

Basket 1 insisted on the peaceful settlement of disputes and inviolability of borders.

Basket 2 stressed cooperation in economics, science, technology, and the environment.

Basket 3 called for cooperation in humanitarian and cultural areas.

Question 25

Hardliners like Ronald Reagan saw the Helsinki Accords as a ‘____ ____’, accepting Soviet ____.

Others saw it as a ‘____-____’ in the heart of the Soviet empire, ____ them

(particularly in the case of the ____ ____ promises)

Answer 25

Hardliners like Ronald Reagan saw the Helsinki Accords as a ‘new Yalta’, accepting Soviet abuses.

Others saw it as a ‘tomb-bomb’ in the heart of the Soviet empire, undermining them

(particularly in the case of the human rights promises)

Question 26

In ____, the Soviets placed __-__ ____ ____ missiles in Central Europe, which ____ relations.

In ____, the US put ____ and ____ Missiles in Europe after the Soviet invasion of ____ destroyed ____.

Answer 26

In 1976, the Soviets placed SS-20 medium range missiles in Central Europe, which damaged relations.

In 1983, the US put Pershing and Cruise Missiles in Europe after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan destroyed dé​tente.

Question 27

Margaret Thatcher supported the ____ ____ taken by Reagan ____ the USSR.

The FRG and France were determined not to let it derail ____.

Answer 27

Margaret Thatcher supported the strong stance taken by Reagan against the USSR.

The FRG and France were determined not to let it derail Ostpolitik.

Question 28

In ____, strikes broke out in the shipyards of Gdansk, Poland, over ____ ____.

The Polish government recognised the ____ movement as an ____ ____ ____.

Membership of Solidarity rose to ____ ____, and it began to ____ the Communist party organisation from ____.

Answer 28

In 1980, strikes broke out in the shipyards of Gdansk, Poland, over price increases.

The Polish government recognised the Solidarity movement as an independent trade union.

Membership of Solidarity rose to 8 million, and it began to dismantle the Communist party organisation from within.

Question 29

The US warned against Soviet intervention against ____, saying that the Polish should be left to sort it out ____.

This gave the new leader ____ the green light to declare ____ ____, and in ____ ____ Solidarity was ____.

Answer 29

The US warned against Soviet intervention against Solidarity, saying that the Polish should be left to sort it out themselves.

This gave the new leader Jaruzelski the green light to declare martial law, and in October 1982 Solidarity was outlawed.

Question 30

The FRG went out of their way to ____ the suppression of Solidarity in order to try and maintain ____, unlike the ____ and ____.

Answer 30

The FRG went out of their way to criticise the suppression of Solidarity in order to try and maintain detente, unlike the US and UK.