4. Second Cold War 1956-62

Question 1

‘____’ in the Soviet Union had raised hopes in satellite states that they would gain more idependence from Moscow

Answer 1

‘Destalinization’ in the Soviet Union had raised hopes in satellite states that they would gain more idependence from Moscow

Question 2

Kuhrushchev made a ‘Secret Speech’ at the ____ ____ ____ in ____ ____ denouncing Stalin and suggesting satellite states find their ‘national ways to socialism’.

Answer 2

Kuhrushchev made a ‘Secret Speech’ at the Twentieth Party Congress in February 1956 denouncing Stalin and suggesting satellite states find their ‘national ways to socialism’.

Question 3

The ____ obtained a copy of the ‘Secret Speech’ and ensured it was broadcast to Eastern Europe, raising further hopes of ____ ____.

Answer 3

The CIA obtained a copy of the ‘Secret Speech’ and ensured it was broadcast to Eastern Europe, raising further hopes of political change.

Question 4

In ____ ____ Tito and Khrushchev improved relations between Yugoslavia and the USSR, agreeing on ____ at a meeting in ____.

Answer 4

In June 1956 Tito and Khrushchev improved relations between Yugoslavia and the USSR, agreeing on reconciliation at a meeting in Moscow.

Question 5

In ____ ____ riots broke out in Poznan (____) where local factory workers protested about increased ____ ____, low ____, and low ____ of _____. The Polish governmetn put it down using ____ ____ with __-___ killed and around ___ wounded.

Answer 5

In June 1956 riots broke out in Poznan (Poland) where local factory workers protested about increased work targets, low wages, and low standard of living. The Polish governmetn put it down using Russian tanks with 57-100 killed and around 600 wounded.

Question 6

To overcome the bitterness caused by the brutal repression of the Poznan riots, the Polish Communist Party turned to its popular former leader ____, who the Soviets feared would try to restore Polish ____.

Answer 6

To overcome the bitterness caused by the brutal repression of the Poznan riots, the Polish Communist Party turned to its popular former leader Gomulka, who the Soviets feared would try to restore Polish independence.

Question 7

In response to Gomulka going up for Communist leader of Poland, the USSR sent a high-power delegation to Poland on __-__ ____ ____ and ordered ___ ___ units to advance on Warsaw in an attempt to stop the election.

Answer 7

In response to Gomulka going up for Communist leader of Poland, the USSR sent a high-power delegation to Poland on 19-20^th October 1956 and ordered Red Army units to advance on Warsaw in an attempt to stop the election.

Question 8

Khrushchev ____ ____ from Poland after an angry conversation with Gomulka. He chose to believe Gomulka’s assurances of ____ as he did not want be embroiled in conflict in Poland at the same time as ____ started to revolt.

Answer 8

Khrushchev withdrew troops from Poland after an angry conversation with Gomulka. He chose to believe Gomulka’s assurances of loyalty as he did not want be embroiled in conflict in Poland at the same time as Hungary started to revolt.

Question 9

Khrushchev and ____ had put pressure on Hungary to change its hardline leader to the more liberal ____.

____ had hoped Hungary would look to him rather than the USSR.

Answer 9

Khrushchev and Tito had put pressure on Hungary to change its hardline leader to the more liberal Gero.

Tito had hoped Hungary would look to him rather than the USSR.

Question 10

On __^rd ____ ____, a large demonstration in Hungary in support of ____ ____ escalated out of control, demanding the withdrawal of ____ ____ and new government under ____ ____, who was more ____ and ____.

They attacked the state ____ ____.

Answer 10

On 23^rd October 1956, a large demonstration in Hungary in support of Polish reformers escalated out of control, demanding the withdrawal of Soviet troops and new government under Imre Nagy, who was more independent and Titoist.

They attacked the state radio station.

Question 11

Gero gave way and announced Nagy as ____ ____, who announced his intention to withdraw Hungary from the ____ ____.

Answer 11

Gero gave way and announced Nagy as Prime Minister, who announced his intention to withdraw Hungary from the Warsaw Pact.

Question 12

The USSR initially readied ____ troops with ____ and ____. Heavy fighting errupted in north-west Hungary and by __^th ____ ____, ____ were on control of most of Hungary.

Answer 12

The USSR initially readied 30,000 troops with tanks and artillary. Heavy fighting errupted in north-west Hungary and by 28^th October 1956, rebels were on control of most of Hungary.

Question 13

The USA’s Radio Free Europe encouraged Hungarians to ____, who believed that ____ would intervene to protect them.

However, Eisenhower feared the USSR might risk ____ ____, so he made Dulles publically announce that the US would ____ ____.

Answer 13

The USA’s Radio Free Europe encouraged Hungarians to revolt, who believed that NATO would intervene to protect them.

However, Eisenhower feared the USSR might risk nuclear war, so he made Dulles publically announce that the US would not help.

Question 14

The USSR had cultivated good relations with the Egyptian leader Colonel ____, so the USA cancelled a ____ to him in ____ ____.

Answer 14

The USSR had cultivated good relations with the Egyptian leader Colonel Nasser, so the USA cancelled a loan to him in July 1956.

Question 15

Nasser turned to the USSR for the US’s cancelled ____ at the same time as ____ the ____-____ run Suez Canal.

In ____ ____ Britain, France, and ____ launched an attack to overthrow Nasser.

Answer 15

Nasser turned to the USSR for the US’s cancelled loan at the same time as nationalising the Anglo-French run Suez Canal.

In October 1956 Britain, France, and Israel launched an attack to overthrow Nasser.

Question 16

Khrushchev was convinced Nasser would be ____, so threw further troops into ____ to regain ____, and by _^th ____ ____ a new government loyal to the USSR under ____ was established.

This caused the deaths of ____ and the migration of ____ Hungarians.

Answer 16

Khrushchev was convinced Nasser would be overthrown, so threw further troops into Hungary to regain prestige, and by 4^{<strong>th</strong>} Novermber 1956 a new government loyal to the USSR under Kader was established.

This caused the deaths of 3,000 and the migration west of 200,000 Hungarians.

Question 17

The USA intervened to stop the British and French attack on Egypt as they wanted to maintain good relations with ____ ____ ____ and look strong in an ____ ____ for Eisenhower.

Answer 17

The USA intervened to stop the British and French attack on Egypt as they wanted to maintain good relations with the developing world and look strong in an election campaign for Eisenhower.

Question 18

Khrushchev exploited the US - Anglo-French divisions over Suez by threatening ____ ____ ____ on Britain and France which made it look like he had ____ a ____ through threat.

Answer 18

Khrushchev exploited the US - Anglo-French divisions over Suez by threatening massive missile attack on Britain and France which made it look like he had forced a ceasefire through threat.

Question 19

At the Moscow Conference of International Foreign Ministers in ____ ____ Khrushchev restablished ____ ____ in the East and ____ again with Tito.

Answer 19

At the Moscow Conference of International Foreign Ministers in October 1957 Khrushchev restablished Soviet supremacy in the East and split again with Tito.

Question 20

Khrushchev became convinced that he could use the threat of ____ ____ to force western concessions. His position was strengthened in the Missile Race by launching the first ICBM in ____ ____ and putting Sputnik into orbit in ____ ____.

Answer 20

Khrushchev became convinced that he could use the threat of nuclear weapons to force western concessions. His position was strengthened in the Missile Race by launching the first ICBM in August 1957 and putting Sputnik into orbit in October 1957.

Question 21

In reality the USA had ____ ____ nuclear weapons and ____ submarines, despite fears of a ____ ____ because of Khrushchev’s deliberate exaggerations.

Answer 21

In reality the USA had far more nuclear weapons and Polaris submarines, despite fears of a missile gap because of Khrushchev’s deliberate exaggerations.

Question 22

France and Germany became concerned that the US would abandon them as ____ ____ were now a reality.

Consequently the two countries worked to strengthen their alliance ____ of the US.

Answer 22

France and Germany became concerned that the US would abandon them as intercontinental weapons were now a reality.

Consequently the two countries worked to strengthen their alliance independent of the US.

Question 23

Between 1945 - 1961 (end of WW2 to Berlin Wall) about a ____ of the East German population had fled West.

Answer 23

Between 1945 - 1961 (end of WW2 to Berlin Wall) about a sixth of the East German population had fled West.

Question 24

On __^th ____ ____ Khrushchev announced the Berlin Ultimatum.

Answer 24

On 27^th November 1958 Khrushchev announced the Berlin Ultimatum.

Question 25

What were the **three** demands of the Berlin Ultimatum?

Answer 25

1. **Demilitarization** of West Berlin 2. **Withdrawal** of Western troops 3. Berlin to become a **free city**

Question 26

The Berlin Ultimatum forced the western powers to the fruitless **Geneva Conference** in ____ to ____ \_\_\_\_.

Answer 26

The Berlin Ultimatum forced the western powers to the fruitless _Geneva Conference_ in **May** to **August 1959**.

Question 27

Discussions in **Paris** to create a **nuclear-free zone** in ____ \_\_\_\_ were scuppered by the shooting down of a ____ \_\_\_\_ ____ \_\_\_\_ over ____ territory in ____ \_\_\_\_.

Answer 27

Discussions in Paris to create a nuclear-free zone in **central** **Europe** were scuppered by the shooting down of a **US U2 Spy Plane** over **Soviet** territory in **May 1960**.

Question 28

In ____ \_\_\_\_, Kennedy indicated he would **not intervene** to stop the closing of ____ \_\_\_\_, only to preserve the ____ of **West Berlin**.​

Answer 28

In **July 1961**, Kennedy indicated he would not intervene to stop the closing of **GDR borders**, only to preserve the **independence** of West Berlin.​

Question 29

In the months up to **June 1961**, _____ refugees fled **economic distress** in the GDR and Khrushchev was forced to build the Berlin Wall to stop the flow on \_\_^th ____ \_\_\_\_.

Answer 29

In the months up to June 1961, **103,000** refugees fled economic distress in the GDR and Khrushchev was forced to build the Berlin Wall to stop the flow on **13^th** **August 1961**.

Question 30

**Tensions** remained high with Soviet and US tanks muzzle to muzzle at **Checkpoint Charlie** on \_\_^th ____ \_\_\_\_, although Kennedy tried to reduce them with \_\_\_\_.

Answer 30

Tensions remained high with Soviet and US tanks muzzle to muzzle at Checkpoint Charlie on **27^th October 1961**, although Kennedy tried to reduce them with **negotiation**.

Question 31

Castro took power in Cuba by ____ \_\_\_\_ after a ____ \_\_\_\_, and began to cultivate relations with the \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 31

Castro took power in Cuba by **January 1959** after a **guerilla war,** and began to cultivate relations with the **USSR**.

Question 32

In ____ \_\_\_\_ the US tried to overthrow Castro with an invasion at the ____ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_. However, Kennedy pulled out of ____ and the plan ultimately \_\_\_\_.

Answer 32

In **April 1961** the US tried to overthrow Castro with an invasion at the **Bay of Pigs**. However, Kennedy pulled out of **airstrikes** and the plan ultimately **failed**.

Question 33

To ____ Cuba and deal with the ____ of US weapons being placed in \_\_\_\_, Khrushchev secretly deployed ____ \_\_\_\_ missiles in Cuba that could threaten the US mainland in ____ \_\_\_\_. Which was the only main US city out of range?

Answer 33

To **protect** Cuba and deal with the **imbalance** of US weapons being placed in **Turkey**, Khrushchev secretly deployed **medium range** missiles in Cuba that could threaten the US mainland in **October 1962**. **Seattle**.

Question 34

On \_\_^th ____ \_\_\_\_ a U-2 spy plane identified the missiles and a ____ \_\_\_\_ of ____ miles was set up, stopping ships transporting goods to Cuba without **US checks**.

Answer 34

On **14th October 1962**, a U-2 spy plane identified the missiles and a **quarantine zone** of **500** miles was set up, stopping ships transporting goods to Cuba without US checks.

Question 35

On \_\_th ____ \_\_\_\_, Khrushchev took the world from the brink by ____ the \_\_\_\_. What two promises by the US convinced Khrushchev to do this? Kennedy insisted that the latter agreement remain ____ in order to ____ his \_\_\_\_.

Answer 35

On **26th October 1962**, Khrushchev took the world from the brink by **withdrawing** the **missiles**. 1. The US **wouldn't invade** Cuba 2. The US would withdrawl missiles from **Turkey** Kennedy insisted that the latter agreement remain **private** in order to **protect** his **reputation**.

Question 36

What looked like a Soviet defeat over the Cuban missile crisis ____ Khrushchev's \_\_\_\_, and the USSR embarked on the further development of ____ and ____ expansion to deal with the **missile gap** with the US. **Castro** was ____ and concentrated on helping revolutionary movements in ____ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_.

Answer 36

What looked like a Soviet defeat over the Cuban missile crisis **damaged** Khrushchev's **prestige**, and the USSR embarked on the further development of **ICBMs** and **Naval** expansion to deal with the missile gap with the US. Castro was **furious** and concentrated on helping revolutionary movements in **the developing world**.

Question 37

The Cuban Missile Crisis had shown that ____ was now a reality for the US and USSR, and they sought to control the ____ of ____ \_\_\_\_. They also established a ____ between the Kremlin and the White House only a ___ after the crisis.

Answer 37

The Cuban Missile Crisis had shown that **MAD** was now a reality for the US and USSR, and they sought to control the **proliferation** of **nuclear weapons**. They also established a **hotline** between the Kremlin and the White House only a **day** after the crisis.