3 - Elimination and Homeostasis Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of fluids in the body?
A
Act as a transport mechanism for gases, nutrients, and waste.
Additionally, they protect organs and bones from external trauma.
2
Q
What are the two main compartments that store fluids in the body?
A
Intracellular and extracellular compartments.
Intracellular fluids make up two-thirds, while extracellular fluids make up one-third.
3
Q
What is hydrostatic pressure?
A
The pressure exerted to push fluid from one compartment to another.
4
Q
What is osmotic pressure?
A
The pressure that draws fluid from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
5
Q
What is osmolarity?
A
A value used to describe the concentration (number of particles) within a fluid.
6
Q
What are the three primary hormones involved in fluid balance?
A
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Aldosterone
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
7
Q
Fill in the blank: Fluid imbalances occur when fluids shift from one compartment to another, causing an excess or deficit of fluid needed in each compartment to maintain _______.
A
homeostasis.
8
Q
What is hypovolemia?
A
A condition where blood is lost due to hemorrhage and poor fluid intake.
9
Q
What causes hypervolemia?
A
Too much fluid accumulates and/or organs in the body are unable to manage or excrete this extra fluid.
10
Q
What are some signs of hypovolemia?
A
- Dizziness
- Lightheadedness
- Low blood pressure
- High heart rate
- Weight loss
- Oliguria or anuria
- Hypernatremia
11
Q
What are some conditions leading to fluid imbalance?
A
- Blood loss from external injury
- Dehydration
- Anemia
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Medications
- Extensive burns
- Severe diarrhea and/or vomiting
12
Q
What is maldistribution of fluid?
A
Movement of fluid from one compartment to another without a loss of fluid.
13
Q
What are the signs of hypervolemia?
A
- Generalized edema
- Weight gain
- Shortness of breath
- Reduced oxygen saturation
- Increased respiratory rate
- Oliguria or anuria
- Hyponatremia
14
Q
True or False: Electrolytes play a role in adjusting fluid levels in the body.
A
True.
15
Q
What is the most accurate way to monitor for hypervolemia?
A
Daily weight.
16
Q
What is dehydration?
A
A state in which the body does not have enough water.
17
Q
What triggers the increase in thirst when fluid levels are low?
A
Detection of decreased blood volume and increased blood concentration of salt by osmoreceptors.
18
Q
Fill in the blank: A drastic change in weight in a 24-hour period, _______ pounds depending on the size and age of the person, is significant.
A
2-5.
19
Q
What environmental factors can affect fluid balance?
A
- Climate
- Resources
- Chemical exposure
20
Q
What role does protein play in fluid balance?
A
Attracts additional water to increase fluid balance.
21
Q
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in fluid balance?
A
Sends signals to constrict or dilate blood vessels depending on the fluid imbalance it senses.
22
Q
What is the consequence of low protein levels in the body?
A
Can cause movement of fluid into interstitial areas, leading to edema.
23
Q
What happens during an allergic response in terms of fluid distribution?
A
Considerable edema may occur due to maldistribution of fluid.
24
Q
What is the significance of monitoring input and output in fluid balance assessment?
A
Provides information on fluid intake and urine output, but is less accurate for measuring fluid loss.
25
What happens to weight as fluid levels decrease?
Weight decreases
## Footnote
A drastic change in weight in a 24 hour period, 2-5 pounds, is significant.
26
What indicates decreasing fluid levels in the body?
Frequency of urination
## Footnote
Less water is excreted through the kidneys as the body becomes dehydrated.
27
What does an electrocardiogram reflect?
Electrical activity in the heart
## Footnote
It is not impacted by changes in total body fluid.
28
What is a fluid challenge?
Administering a small volume of fluid quickly to identify and treat volume deficit
## Footnote
It does not measure fluid changes.
29
What are the signs of dehydration related to the eyes?
Loss of tears, itching, bulging eyes
## Footnote
Itching is associated with allergies and bulging eyes with hyperthyroidism.
30
What does a dry, cracked tongue indicate?
Dehydration
## Footnote
It results from decreased saliva production.
31
What happens to the skin as dehydration worsens?
Skin becomes dry
## Footnote
Excess moisture and mottling do not result from dehydration.
32
What happens to lips during dehydration?
Lips become dry and may crack
## Footnote
Dehydration does not lead to swelling or open sores.
33
How does the body compensate for fluid loss?
Shifts water from intravascular and extravascular compartments
## Footnote
This can impair cell functions if fluid is lost from cells.
34
What is tonicity?
Concentration of solutes in a solution
## Footnote
It measures the relative amount of solutes inside or outside the cell.
35
What are the types of tonicity?
Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic
## Footnote
Each type indicates different fluid loss in relation to electrolytes.
36
What are common causes of dehydration?
* Loss of fluid from skin, gastrointestinal tract, or kidneys
* Decreased fluid intake
* Loss of blood (hypovolemia)
* Third spacing
* Diarrhea
* Medications (diuretics)
* Increased metabolic rate (fever, infection, healing)
## Footnote
Diarrhea and vomiting are significant contributors.
37
What can concentrated urine indicate?
Worsening dehydration
## Footnote
Urine color changes from pale yellow to golden as dehydration becomes severe.
38
What are signs of dehydration?
* Fatigue
* Decreased urine output
* Dry mucosal membranes
* Confusion
## Footnote
Weakness and lethargy are also associated with dehydration.
39
How much water should an individual generally consume per day?
0.5 to 1 ounce of water for each pound of body weight
## Footnote
A 200-pound person needs 100 to 200 ounces of water daily.
40
What contributes to daily water intake?
* Hydrating foods (fruits, vegetables, soups, popsicles)
* Soft/liquid-based foods (ice cream, soups, gelatin)
* Drinks (coffee, tea, soda, milk, sports drinks)
## Footnote
These help maintain hydration.
41
What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration in infants?
* Sunken anterior fontanel
* No tears when crying
* Dry diapers
* Dry mucosal membranes
* Lethargy
* Thirsty
## Footnote
Infants cannot communicate their thirst, making them vulnerable.
42
What techniques can support hydration in infants?
* Make fluids accessible
* Provide cups with lids or baby bottles
* Increase breastfeeding
## Footnote
These strategies help ensure adequate fluid intake.
43
What fluids are often used for rehydration?
* Oral liquids
* Foods high in water content
* Electrolyte-containing drinks
## Footnote
Severe dehydration may require both oral and IV fluids.
44
What is edema?
Accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial spaces
## Footnote
It can be classified as generalized or localized.
45
What causes increased hydrostatic pressure?
Blockage or backup in the vascular system
## Footnote
This leads to fluid movement into interstitial spaces.
46
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
Collecting, filtering, and removing used materials from blood and tissues
## Footnote
Dysfunction can lead to lymphedema.
47
What does edema related to loss of plasma proteins indicate?
Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure
## Footnote
Fewer plasma proteins allow more fluid to leave the capillary.
48
What can excessive sodium levels in extracellular fluid cause?
Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial compartment
## Footnote
This is due to increased osmotic pressure.
49
What strategies can reduce swelling?
* Propping legs up
* Taking a diuretic
* Reducing sodium intake
## Footnote
These methods help move excess fluid back to the heart.
50
Which conditions increase the risk of edema?
* Vascular disease
* Chronic kidney disease
* Liver failure
## Footnote
Dyslipidemia and epilepsy do not increase this risk.
51
What happens during increased vascular permeability?
Fluid travels into or out of the vascular system
## Footnote
This occurs due to changes in vessel wall size from chemicals and proteins.
52
How does change in osmotic pressure affect fluid movement?
It influences osmotic fluid shifts between compartments
## Footnote
Changes in blood or interstitial fluid concentration affect this movement.
53
What is osmotic pressure?
It occurs when the concentration of the blood or interstitial fluid changes, affecting osmotic fluid shifts between compartments.
54
Define lymphedema.
A type of edema caused by lymphatic node dysfunction, where materials get caught in interstitial areas.
55
What is edema?
An accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces, classified as generalized or localized.
56
How can persistent edema affect the body?
It can lead to skin breakdown and delayed wound healing.
57
What are electrolytes?
Elements that flow within the blood, tissues, and cells to maintain homeostasis.
58
What functions do electrolytes serve in the body?
* Maintain acid-base balance
* Move and transport fluid
* Stimulate neurons in muscles, brain, and other organs
* Support bone growth and destruction.
59
What is the best definition of electrolytes?
Ions in bodily fluids that regulate metabolic processes.
60
What happens when electrolytes are imbalanced?
Homeostasis is lost, leading to various signs and symptoms depending on the functions regulated by the electrolytes.
61
Name the major cations.
* Sodium (Na+)
* Potassium (K+)
* Magnesium (Mg++)
* Calcium (Ca++).
62
Name the major anions.
* Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
* Chloride (Cl-)
* Phosphate (HPO4-).
63
What is the normal serum sodium level?
135-145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
64
What is hyponatremia?
A condition characterized by low sodium levels.
65
What is hypernatremia?
A condition characterized by high sodium levels.
66
What roles does calcium play in the body?
* Bone and teeth formation
* Nerve impulse transmission
* Muscle contraction
* Blood clotting.
67
What is hypocalcemia?
A condition with low calcium levels causing tremors, muscle cramps, and twitching.
68
What is hypercalcemia?
A condition with high calcium levels causing muscle weakness and confusion.
69
What is the normal serum calcium level for adults?
9-10.5 mg/dL (2.25-2.66 mmol/L).
70
What is hypomagnesemia?
A condition with low magnesium levels leading to muscle lock-up and CNS irritability.
71
What is hypermagnesemia?
A condition with high magnesium levels causing lethargy and muscle weakness.
72
What is the normal serum magnesium level for adults?
1.3-2.1 mEq/L.
73
What is the function of chloride in the body?
Neutralizes positively charged ions and maintains acid-base balance.
74
What is the normal serum chloride level for adults?
98-106 mEq/L.
75
What are the main functions of potassium?
* Acid-base balance
* Intracellular fluid volume
* Metabolic processes
* Nerve conduction
* Muscle contraction.
76
What is hyperkalemia?
A condition characterized by high potassium levels causing decreased reflexes and weak heart rate.
77
What is hypokalemia?
A condition characterized by low potassium levels causing muscle twitches and cramps.
78
What is the normal serum potassium level?
3.5–5 mEq/L.
79
What is acid-base balance?
A system that maintains serum pH between 7.35 and 7.45.
80
What is the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio required for pH maintenance?
20:1 ratio.
81
What is acidosis?
A decrease in blood pH below 7.35.
82
What is homeostasis in relation to serum pH?
Homeostasis maintains serum pH between 7.35 and 7.45, measured as a 20:1 ratio of bicarbonate (HCO3-) to carbonic acid (H2CO3)
## Footnote
Serum pH is used to assess overall acid-base balance in the body.
83
What is acidosis?
Acidosis is a decrease in serum pH caused by increased CO2 (respiratory acidosis) or decreased HCO3- (metabolic acidosis)
## Footnote
Acidosis typically results in depression of central nervous system function.
84
What conditions can contribute to respiratory acidosis?
* Atelectasis
* CNS depression
* Chest wall abnormalities
* Chronic respiratory disease (COPD)
* Pulmonary edema
* Weakness of respiratory muscles
## Footnote
These conditions cause carbon dioxide retention in the lungs.
85
What are common causes of metabolic acidosis?
* Diabetes mellitus type 1
* Vomiting
* Prolonged diarrhea
## Footnote
These conditions lead to a decrease in bicarbonate levels.
86
What is alkalosis?
Alkalosis is an increase in serum pH caused by hyperventilation (respiratory alkalosis) or increased HCO3- (metabolic alkalosis)
## Footnote
Alkalosis increases the irritability of the nervous system.
87
What conditions contribute to metabolic alkalosis?
* Diuretic therapy
* Excessive antacid ingestion
* Hypokalemia
* Long-term mineralocorticoid use
* Loss of gastric acids
## Footnote
These conditions lead to increased bicarbonate levels.
88
How does the body control serum pH?
The body controls serum pH through buffer systems, the lungs, and the kidneys
## Footnote
Each system responds at different speeds to restore normal pH levels.
89
What are the three systems that maintain acid-base balance?
* Buffer systems
* Lungs
* Kidneys
## Footnote
These systems work together to regulate serum pH.
90
What is the primary responsibility of the kidneys and intestines?
Elimination of waste, including urine by kidneys and stool by intestines
## Footnote
Waste is also eliminated through skin and lungs.
91
What is gastrin and its function?
Gastrin is a hormone found in gastric cells that increases stomach motility and acid production, promoting gastric emptying
## Footnote
It plays a critical role in digestion.
92
What is the role of cholecystokinin (CCK)?
CCK is found in intestinal mucosal cells, inhibits gastric secretion and motility, and stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contractions
## Footnote
It is stimulated by fat and amino acids in the duodenum.
93
What triggers secretin release?
Secretin is triggered by acidic chyme in the duodenum, leading to bile and pancreatic secretions with bicarbonate content
## Footnote
It helps neutralize stomach acid.
94
What are primary prevention measures for urinary elimination alterations?
* Controlling chronic medical conditions
* Eating a well-balanced diet
* Limiting irritants like alcohol and caffeine
* Staying hydrated
## Footnote
These measures promote overall good health.
95
What physiological changes associated with aging can alter elimination patterns?
* Reduction of renal blood flow
* Decreased functioning nephrons
* Changes in kidney size
* Reduced urine volume
* Weakness of urethral muscles
* Atrophy of colon muscles
## Footnote
Aging affects the body's ability to eliminate waste effectively.
96
What is fecal incontinence?
Fecal incontinence is the involuntary passage of stool, ranging from occasional leakage to complete loss of bowel control
## Footnote
Risk factors include advanced age, diarrhea, and impaired mobility.
97
What is the difference between acute and chronic urinary retention?
Acute urinary retention has a sudden onset with inability to urinate, while chronic urinary retention has a slow onset and may have few symptoms
## Footnote
Both conditions require different management approaches.
98
What treatments are effective for urinary incontinence?
* Bladder training
* Double voiding
* Scheduled restroom trips
* Lifestyle changes
* Pelvic floor exercises
* Medications
* Surgery
## Footnote
A combination of treatments is often more effective.
99
What is the role of the vagus nerve in the digestive system?
The vagus nerve stimulates increased peristalsis and secretions in the digestive tract
## Footnote
It is part of the parasympathetic nervous system.
100
What are some risk factors for altered bowel elimination?
* Lack of dietary fiber
* Lack of exercise
* Family history
* Obesity
* Increased stress
* Pregnancy
* Certain medications
## Footnote
These factors can lead to constipation or other bowel issues.
101
What are the symptoms of altered gastrointestinal function?
* Anorexia
* Nausea
* Vomiting
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate underlying issues with GI function.
102
What is acute urinary retention?
A sudden onset condition where individuals cannot urinate despite having a full bladder
## Footnote
Symptoms include severe lower abdominal pain, urgent need to urinate, and swelling of the lower abdomen.
103
List symptoms of acute urinary retention.
* Inability to urinate
* Severe pain in the lower abdomen
* Urgent need to urinate
* Swelling of the lower abdomen
104
What is the initial treatment for acute urinary retention?
Draining the bladder using a catheter while searching for the cause
## Footnote
This is essential to relieve the immediate symptoms.
105
What differentiates chronic urinary retention from acute urinary retention?
Chronic urinary retention has a slow onset and may have few to no symptoms, making it harder to detect.
106
List symptoms of chronic urinary retention.
* Inability to fully empty the bladder
* Frequently urinating small amounts
* Urinary hesitancy
* Slow, weak urine stream
* Urgent need to urinate but unable to go
* Feeling the need to urinate right after urinating
* Leaking urine without warning
* Lower abdominal pain or discomfort
107
What are common treatments for chronic urinary retention?
* Catheterization
* Medications
* Procedures to remove blockages
* Dilation of the urethra
* Insertion of a vaginal pessary
* Physical therapy
* Bladder training
108
What are the symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
* Pain or burning during urination
* Dark, cloudy, or foul-smelling urine
* Increased frequency
* Urgency
* Pressure in the lower abdomen
109
What is the common treatment for urinary tract infections?
Antibiotics specific to the causative organism and medications to lessen pain.
110
What preventive measures can help reduce the risk of UTIs?
* Drinking lots of water
* Urinating often
* Keeping the genital area clean
* Emptying the bladder before and after sexual intercourse
111
What is glomerulonephritis?
An inflammatory condition within the kidneys leading to abnormalities in the glomerulus.
112
What is the focus of treatment for inflammatory renal disorders?
Decreasing inflammation and preserving kidney function.
113
What are common causes of obstructive renal disorders?
* Urolithiasis (stones)
* Inflammation
* Tumors
* Structural defects
* Enlarged prostate
114
What is nephrosclerosis?
A condition that decreases blood flow to the kidneys, leading to ischemia, atrophy, and hypertension.
115
What is the role of renin in the kidneys?
Regulates blood pressure.
116
What is the purpose of a urinalysis?
To screen for conditions associated with renal function.
117
What does a creatinine clearance test measure?
It monitors renal function in individuals at risk for acute or chronic renal disease.
118
What is renal insufficiency?
A term used to describe the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
119
What are the three types of renal injury?
* Prerenal injury
* Intrarenal injury
* Postrenal injury
120
What is a common cause of prerenal injury?
Anything that decreases perfusion to the kidney, such as low blood pressure or severe blood loss.
121
What is the effect of aging on kidney function?
Decreased perfusion and a steady decrease in function and number of nephrons.
122
What are mechanical obstructions?
Obstructions resulting from tumors, adhesions, hernias, or other tangible blockages.
123
What is a functional obstruction?
An obstruction resulting from a neurological impairment, such as spinal cord injury.
124
List some risk factors for bowel obstruction.
* Cancer
* Crohn’s disease
* Ulcerative colitis
* Previous abdominal surgery
* Radiation therapy
125
What are the primary prevention measures for bowel obstruction?
* Increase water and fiber intake
* Avoid foods that irritate the GI tract
* Increase physical activity
* Maintain healthy posture while defecating
126
What is the primary symptom of bowel obstruction?
Borborygmi, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, and abdominal pain.
127
What are the two forms of intestinal obstruction?
* Mechanical obstructions
* Functional or adynamic obstructions
128
What is the main focus of treatment for obstructive renal disorders?
Removing the cause of the obstruction and supporting renal function.
129
What is the consequence of untreated bowel obstruction?
Ischemia and necrosis of the intestinal wall, leading to potential perforation and peritonitis.
130
What is the role of the colon in digestion?
Absorbs most water and electrolytes from digested food.
131
What is the significance of the ileum in the digestive system?
Responsible for nutrient absorption.
132
What is the effect of hypovolemia in bowel obstruction?
Occurs more quickly with small intestinal obstruction than with large intestinal obstruction.
133
What is the role of hormone regulation conducted by the kidneys?
It affects smooth muscle elasticity and can lead to hypertrophy of the prostate in men
## Footnote
Changes in nephrons and muscle tone can cause either retention or incontinence of urine.
134
How do genetics influence kidney function?
Genetics can predispose individuals to conditions like kidney stones, polycystic kidney disease, bladder cancer, and recurrent urinary tract infections
## Footnote
Family medical history is important for identifying genetically linked disorders.
135
What is the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) range indicating renal insufficiency?
59 mL/min to 15 mL/min
## Footnote
The American Kidney Fund defines this range for renal insufficiency.
136
What are some causes of nephron damage?
* Inflammatory disorders (e.g., glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome)
* Obstructive disorders (e.g., urolithiasis, hydronephrosis)
* Vascular disorders (e.g., nephrosclerosis)
* Congenital disorders (e.g., adult polycystic kidney, nephroblastoma)
* Renal failure (acute or chronic)
137
What happens as nephron function decreases?
Healthy nephrons compensate by increasing blood filtration temporarily
## Footnote
As more nephrons are damaged, blood flow decreases, which stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system.
138
What are common signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
* Protein in urine
* Increased serum creatinine and urea levels
* Anemia
* Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
* Hypoglycemia
139
What are the stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) based on eGFR values?
* Stage 1: Normal (≥ 90)
* Stage 2: Decreased renal reserve (60-90)
* Stage 3a: Renal insufficiency (moderate) (45-59)
* Stage 3b: Renal insufficiency (moderate to severe) (30-44)
* Stage 4: Renal insufficiency (severe) (15-29)
* Stage 5: Kidney failure (< 15)
140
Fill in the blank: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a kidney injury that happens quickly and lasts less than _______ months.
3
141
What are the three categories of causes for acute kidney injury (AKI)?
* Prerenal injury
* Intrarenal injury
* Postrenal injury
142
What is acute renal failure (ARF)?
A condition when the kidneys experience episodic interference in filtering blood or a lack of blood supply to the kidneys
## Footnote
ARF can manifest with increased BUN and serum creatinine levels and decreased urinary output.
143
What is the significance of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in kidney function?
GFR measures how fast kidneys filter blood per minute and is considered the optimal measure of kidney function.
144
What are common risk factors for liver disease?
* Heavy alcohol use
* Obesity
* Type 2 diabetes
* Tattoos or body piercings
* Injecting drugs using shared needles
* Blood transfusion before 1992
* Unprotected sex
* Exposure to chemicals or toxins
* Family history of liver disease
145
What is the primary role of the liver in the body?
To filter toxins from the body
146
What are the common symptoms of liver disease?
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Ascites
* Anemia
* Increased bleeding
147
What are the phases of viral hepatitis?
* Prodromal Phase
* Icteric Phase
* Convalescent Phase
148
True or False: Hepatitis A has a vaccine available.
True
149
What is liver failure?
A condition where the liver is not functioning adequately to perform its essential functions
150
What tests are used to diagnose liver inflammation?
* Aspartate transaminase (AST)
* Alanine transaminase (ALT)
* Prothrombin time (PT)
* Albumin
* Protein tests
151
What imaging tests are often used to visualize the liver?
* Ultrasound
* CT
* MRI
152
What is the purpose of an ultrasound test in relation to the liver?
To measure the size of the liver and look for lesions, scar tissue, and other possible liver disease signs
## Footnote
Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique frequently used in clinical practice.
153
What imaging techniques are used to visualize the liver in slices?
Computed topography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
## Footnote
These techniques provide detailed images to identify potential liver pathology.
154
What are the three phases of viral hepatitis?
Prodromal Phase, Icteric Phase, Recovery Phase
## Footnote
Each phase has distinct symptoms and timeframes.
155
When does the prodromal phase of hepatitis begin?
About 2 weeks after exposure
## Footnote
This phase ends with the appearance of jaundice.
156
List common symptoms of the prodromal phase of hepatitis.
* Fatigue
* Anorexia
* Malaise
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Headache
* Hyperalgia
* Cough
* Low-grade fever
## Footnote
Infection is highly transmissible during this phase.
157
What characterizes the icteric phase of hepatitis?
Jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stools, enlarged and tender liver
## Footnote
This phase lasts 2 to 6 weeks and is marked by significant illness.
158
When does the recovery phase of hepatitis begin?
With the resolution of jaundice, about 6 to 8 weeks after exposure
## Footnote
Symptoms diminish, but the liver remains enlarged and tender.
159
What is liver cirrhosis?
Destruction of the liver with replacement of scar tissue
## Footnote
The liver becomes small and scarred, and is no longer enlarged or inflamed.
160
What is the relationship between liver cirrhosis and liver cancer?
The risk of liver cancer increases with liver cirrhosis
## Footnote
This is a significant concern in patients with advanced liver disease.
161
What are some lifestyle modifications that can treat liver problems?
* Stopping alcohol use
* Losing weight
## Footnote
These modifications are typically part of a medical program with careful monitoring of liver function.
162
What is the only treatment for liver disease that leads to liver failure?
Liver transplant
## Footnote
This is often a last resort when other treatments fail.
163
How can liver disease be prevented? (Name at least three methods)
* Drink alcohol in moderation
* Avoid risky behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex, sharing needles)
* Get vaccinated for hepatitis A and B
* Use medication wisely
* Avoid contact with others' blood and body fluids
* Keep food safe
* Avoid toxins like aerosols
* Protect skin from toxins
* Maintain a healthy weight and eat healthy foods
## Footnote
These preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of liver disease.
