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Patho > 5 - Perfusion and Clotting > Flashcards

5 - Perfusion and Clotting Flashcards

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1
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The flooding of the tissues with high amounts of oxygen and nutrients.

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2
Q

What are the three important components to get nutrients and oxygen into tissues?

A
  • Fluid volume (transport)
  • Perfusion
  • Gas exchange
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3
Q

What is central perfusion?

A

Blood that is pumped by the heart to oxygenate major body organs.

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4
Q

What is tissue perfusion?

A

The volume of blood that flows from the arteries to the peripheral tissues (capillaries).

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5
Q

What is the normal range of cardiac output?

A

4–8 liters per minute.

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6
Q

What are the signs of adequate perfusion?

A
  • Alert & awake
  • Skin temperature
  • Skin color
  • Blood pressure
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7
Q

Define myocardial infarction.

A

An area of dead tissue.

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8
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen supply to the cells.

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9
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Not enough oxygen in the blood.

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10
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Tissue death.

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11
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Poor perfusion to the tissue/organ.

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12
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for poor perfusion?

A
  • Smoking
  • Increased serum lipids
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Obesity
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13
Q

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors for poor perfusion?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Genetics
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14
Q

What conditions cause cell death?

A
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Cerebral vascular accident
  • Sepsis
  • Traumatic event with blood loss
  • Peripheral vascular disease
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15
Q

What conditions do not cause cell death?

A
  • Deep vein thrombosis
  • Kidney failure
  • Hypertension
  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Diabetes
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16
Q

What is primary prevention for perfusion problems?

A
  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Cessation of tobacco
  • Low dose acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
  • DASH diet
  • Weight management
  • Hydration
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17
Q

What is secondary prevention for perfusion problems?

A
  • Routine physicals
  • Glucose monitoring
  • Lipid screening
  • Hemoglobin A1C monitoring
  • Improved access to healthcare
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18
Q

What is tertiary prevention for perfusion problems?

A
  • Healthy lifestyle promotion
  • Pharmacotherapy
  • Procedures or surgical interventions
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19
Q

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A

The most common type of heart disease in the U.S. that reduces blood flow to the heart.

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20
Q

What are the risk factors for coronary artery disease?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Tobacco use
  • Sedentary lifestyle
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21
Q

What is hyperlipidemia?

A

Occurs when lipid concentrations in the bloodstream are higher than normal.

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22
Q

What are the types of fats that travel through the bloodstream?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Lipids
  • Cholesterol
  • Triglycerides
23
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for CAD?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • ECG
  • Echocardiogram
  • Exercise Stress Test
  • Chest X-Ray
  • Cardiac Catheterization
  • Coronary Angiogram
  • Coronary Artery Calcium Scan
  • Blood tests
24
Q

What are some medications used to manage CAD?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Diuretics
  • Anticoagulants
  • Anti-platelets
  • Lipid lowering agents
25
What is atrial fibrillation (A-fib)?
A condition where electrical signals move erratically around the atria.
26
What is ventricular tachycardia?
A condition where the ventricles beat quickly and not in harmony with the atria.
27
What are the symptoms of cardiac dysrhythmias?
* Dizziness * Chest pain * Shortness of breath * Syncope * Palpitations
28
What electrolyte imbalances can cause dysrhythmias?
* Potassium * Calcium * Sodium * Magnesium
29
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?
The natural pacemaker of the heart.
30
What lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of cardiac dysrhythmias?
* Yoga * Meditation * Reading * Walking * Proper rest * Healthy diet
31
True or False: Dysrhythmias can occur suddenly or gradually.
True
32
What is a common treatment for severe dysrhythmias?
Use of a pacemaker or ablation procedure.
33
What are the symptoms of cardiac dysrhythmia related to the brain?
Dizziness, syncope, lightheadedness
34
What are the symptoms of cardiac dysrhythmia related to the heart?
Chest pain, palpitations
35
What are the symptoms of cardiac dysrhythmia related to the lungs?
Shortness of breath, rapid breathing, fluttering
36
How can cardiac dysrhythmias be managed?
Medications, devices like pacemakers, procedures like ablation
37
What is the function of the sinus node?
Maintains a regular heart rate
38
What is a thrombus?
A blood clot that forms in a vessel and reduces blood flow
39
What is an embolus?
A piece of a clot that breaks off and travels to the lungs
40
What conditions can result from clotting within blood vessels?
* Myocardial infarction * Cerebral vascular accident * Deep vein thrombosis
41
What is hypocoagulation?
When the body is unable to clot to stop bleeding
42
What is hypercoagulation?
Excessive clotting that can impair blood flow
43
What laboratory tests can determine coagulation states?
* Prothrombin time (PT) * Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) * International normalized ratio (INR)
44
What can happen if a thrombus breaks away?
It can become an embolus and block blood flow in the lungs, brain, or heart
45
What are common symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Pain, swelling, redness, warm skin
46
What is a D-Dimer diagnostic used for?
To determine if an individual has a blood clot, like DVT
47
What are the symptoms of a myocardial infarction?
* Chest pain * Dizziness * Numbness and pain on the left * Shortness of air * Nausea and stomach pain * Pale skin * Fatigue, cold sweat * Irregular or slow pulse
48
What is the major risk factor for myocardial infarction?
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
49
What are warning signs of a possible myocardial infarction?
* Sudden, crushing chest pain * Pallor * Diaphoresis * Nausea * Dizziness * Dyspnea * Anxiety * Hypotension * Rapid and weak pulse * Low-grade fever
50
What are common risk factors for atherosclerosis?
* High cholesterol * Diabetes * Obesity * Smoking * High blood pressure * Aging
51
What tests are run to determine effects on the injured heart?
* Troponin level * Electrocardiogram * Echocardiogram * Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) * Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) * Electrolyte panel * Complete blood count (CBC) * C-reactive protein (CRP)
52
What is the role of the troponin cardiac marker?
Confirms that an individual has had a heart attack
53
What are common treatments for myocardial infarction?
* Medications to destroy clots * Stents * Surgical bypass * Anxiety reduction * Oxygen * Morphine * Anticoagulants * Pacemaker insertion * Digoxin * Lifestyle changes * Low-dose aspirin * Cardiac rehabilitation

Patho (6 decks)

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