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Elementary Microbiology > 3: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

3: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

structurally different, not chemically different types of living cells

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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2
Q

genetic material is typically once circular chromosome, not enclosed inside membrane

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

no histone proteins associated with their DNA

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

no membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

cell walls containing peptidoglycan

A

prokaryotes

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6
Q

divide by binary fission

A

prokaryotes

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7
Q

multiple chromosomes inside a membrane-bound nucleus

A

eukaryotes

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8
Q

histones proteins associated with their DNA

A

eukaryotes

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9
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotes

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10
Q

if they have cell walls, it is NOT made of peptidoglycan

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

cell division by mitosis

A

eukaryotes

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12
Q

have sticky glycocalyx surrounding them

A

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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13
Q

forms the biofilm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

glycocalyx

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14
Q

prokaryotes include which microbes?

A

bacteria (peptidoglycan) and archaea (lack peptidoglycan)

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15
Q

round or spherical

A

coccus

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16
Q

rod shaped

A

bacillus

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17
Q

bacilli which look like cocci

A

coccobacilli

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18
Q

spiral shaped or corkscrew shaped

A

spiral

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19
Q

varies in shape

A

pleomorphic

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20
Q

pairs

A

diplococci

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21
Q

chains

A

streptococci

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22
Q

packet of four

A

tetrads

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23
Q

packets of eight

A

sarcinae

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24
Q

irregular clusters

A

staphylococci

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25
Q

pairs

A

diplobacilli

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26
Q

chains

A

streptobacilli

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27
Q

resemble cocci

A

coccobacilli

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28
Q

gelatinous polymer (usually polysaccharide) that surrounds some bacterial cells and can contribute to biofilms

A

glycocalyx

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29
Q

glycocalyx is firmly attached

A

capsule

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30
Q

protects a bacterium from being phagocytized. how can it be detected?

A

capsule detected with negative stain

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31
Q

glycocalyx is loosely attached

A

slime layer

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32
Q

both capsules and slime layers can help bacteria attach to surfaces by acting as:

A

adhesins

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33
Q

most important virulance factor

A

ability to form capsule

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34
Q

flagella

A

used for propulsion, important in disease (ascending UTIs)

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35
Q

single flagellum at one pole

A

monotrichous

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36
Q

multiple flagella at both ends

A

amphitrichous

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37
Q

multiples flagella at one end

A

lophotrichous

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38
Q

flagella all over

A

peritrichous

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39
Q

movement of microbe toward or away from particular stimulus

A

taxis (chemotaxis, phototaxis)

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40
Q

bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell. rotation of these filaments causes corkscrewing motion which helps propel it through thick environments

A

axial filaments

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41
Q

spiral-shaped bacteria with axial fimanets

A

spirochete treponema pallidm (syphilis

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42
Q

shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella. not for motility. for attachment to surfaces

A

fimbriae

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43
Q

which microbe uses fimbriae to attach to mucous membranes

A

gonorrheal bacteria

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44
Q

longer than fimbriae and usually have only 1-2 per cell. used for twitching or gliding motility

A

pili

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45
Q

function to transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another

A

sex pili

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46
Q

transfer of genetic information via sex pili

A

conjugation

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47
Q

semirigid and responsible for characteristic shape of the cell. composed of peptidoglycan

A

prokaryote cell wall

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48
Q

organisms whose cell wall contains many layers of peptidoglycan, forming a thick, rigid structure. also contains teichoic acids

A

gram positive (blue)

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49
Q

what antibiotic is useful in the treatment of gram positive bacteria due to it inhibition of formation of peptidoglycan, resulting in greatly weakened cell wall, and lysis

A

penicillin

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50
Q

destruction caused by the rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm

A

lysis

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51
Q

bacteria that have less peptidoglycan, no teichoic acids, and have an additional outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid-lipoprotein layer surrounding the peptidoglycan layer.

A

gram negative.

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52
Q

penicillin and lysozyme are ineffective against which bacteria

A

gram negative (red)

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53
Q

alcohol dissolves which layer in gram negative bacteria during the gram stain and allows the crystal violet to escape.

A

lipopolysaccharide layer

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54
Q

gram positive bacteria have more ___ which retains the crystal violet

A

peptidoclycan

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55
Q

helps prevent phagocytosis and can be toxic to man and animals

A

lipopolysaccharide

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56
Q

the lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide in gram negative bacteria that causes fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and coagulation abnormalities in humans

A

lipid A or endotoxin (“gram negative sepsis” or “endotoxic shock”)

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57
Q

heat stable and anti-phagocytic in gram negative bacteria

A

lipid A or endotoxin

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58
Q

walking pneumonia. has little or no cell walls, making it pleomorphic.

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae (gram negative)

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59
Q

have acid-fast cell walls from mycolic acid

A

mycobacterium

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60
Q

Why wouldn’t you use penicillin to treat Mycoplasma pneumonia?

A

penicillin targets the peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Mycoplasma pneumonia doesn’t have a cell wall, so penicillin would be ineffective.

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61
Q

60% of their cell wall is a water-repelling waxy lipid that resists the uptake of dyes

A

acid-fast cell walls, mycobacterium

62
Q

water-repelling waxy lipid in acid-fast cell walls that forms a layer outside of a thin layer of peptidoglycan

A

mycolic acid

63
Q

can be stained with carbolfuchsin; heating enhances penetration of the stain in the cell wall, which binds to the cytoplasm, and resists removal by washing with acid-alcohol.

A

acid-fast bacteria, mycobacterium

64
Q

naturally found in tears, mucus, and saliva

A

lysozyme

65
Q

most susceptible to lysozyme.

A

gram positive bacteria

66
Q

less susceptible to lysozyme

A

gram negative bacteria

67
Q

what do gram positive bacteria form in favorable environments after exposure to lysozyme? (typically lyse if not favorable)

A

protoplasts, which have no cell wall

68
Q

what do gram negative bacteria form in the presence of lysozyme?

A

spheroplasts, some of the cell wall material remains

69
Q

when protoplasts and spheroplasts burst when placed in dilute environments

A

osmotic lysis

70
Q

what category of bacteria are most likely to cause eye infections?

A

gram negative bacteria (not effected by lysozyme)

71
Q

interferes with the synthesis of the peptide cross-bridges of peptidoglycan and weakens the cell wall

A

penicillin and beta-lactam antibiotics

72
Q

which bacteria are most susceptible to penicillin?

A

gram positive

73
Q

why are most gram negative bacteria not as susceptible to penicillin as gram positive bacteria

A

because the outer membrane inhibits the entry of the antibiotic and other substances, and gram-negative bacteria have fewer peptide cross-bridges in their peptidoglycan for it to prevent synthesis of.

74
Q

why are gram negative bacteria quite susceptible to some beta-lactam antibiotics, but not penicillin?

A

because beta-lactam antibiotics can penetrate the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria better than penicillin

75
Q

plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane or inner membrane. present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. selectively permeable.

A

phospholipid bilayer. consistency of light olive oil. “fluid mosaic model”

76
Q

proteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that have carbohydrates attached

A

glycoproteins

77
Q

lipids on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that have carbohydrates attached

A

glycolipids

78
Q

help protect and lubricate the cell and are involved in cell-to-cell interactions

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

79
Q

some antibiotics and antibacterial agents kill bacteria by attacking what?

A

the plasma membrane

80
Q

the passive movement of molecules or ions from high to low concentration driven by random molecular motion of liquid or gas

A

simple diffusion

81
Q

the random movement of microscopic particles (solutes) suspended in a liquid or gas, caused by collisions with molecules of the surrounding medium

A

brownian motion

82
Q

transport proteins

A

permeases

83
Q

permeases transport material from high to low concentration. passive and does not require ATP

A

facilitated diffusion

84
Q

protein channels

A

aquaporins

85
Q

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration

A

osmosis

86
Q

the pressure needed to stop the flow of water across a selectively permeable bag

A

osmotic pressure

87
Q

solution osmotically balanced with the cell. (0.85%, 0.9% saline)

A

isotonic solution

88
Q

a dilute solution low in solids and high in water (solvent)

A

hypotonic solution

89
Q

cells in isotonic solution

A

cell volumes will not change

90
Q

human cells in hypotonic solution

A

swell and burst

91
Q

when cells in hypotonic solution swell and burst

A

osmotic lysis

92
Q

black death

A

yersinia pestis, gram negative

93
Q

why are RBCs biconcave disks?

A

loss of nucleus

94
Q

why can bacteria survive for a time in hypotonic solution, but human cells can’t?

A

bacteria have a supportive cell wall

95
Q

lysis of any cell

A

cytolysis

96
Q

lysis of red blood cells

A

hemolysis

97
Q

a concentrated solution high in solids and low in water (5% saline solution). used in food preservation.

A

hypertonic solution

98
Q

human cells in hypertonic solution

A

crenate (shrink)

99
Q

bacterial cells in hypertonic solution

A

plasmolysis and bacteriostasis

100
Q

process where the plasma membrane shrinks away from the cell wall in bacteria

A

plasmolysis

101
Q

when will penicillin NOT be effective on gram positive bacteria?

A

when they are dormant. they must be actively growing new cell walls

102
Q

when plasmolysis inhibits microbial growth

A

bacteriostasis

103
Q

transporter proteins transport material from low to high concentration (usually to inside the cell). essentially the reverse of facilitated diffusion. requries ATP

A

active transport

104
Q

transporter proteins transport materials from low to high concentration (usually to inside the cell). material is changed (i.e. phosphorylation) during transport. internal membrane of bacterium is impermeable to the changed material so it cannot escape. requires ATP.

A

group translocation

105
Q

includes everything inside the plasma membrane and consists of about 80% water with mixed in proteins (enzymes), carbs, lipids, inorganic ions, and many low-molecular weight compounds.

A

cytoplasm

106
Q

where the main chemical reactions occur. it is thick, aqueous, semitransparent, and elastic

A

cytoplasm

107
Q

the nuclear area (_____) contains a long circular molecule of double-stranded DNA (_________)

A

nucleoid, bacterial chromosome

108
Q

small circles of double-stranded DNA which are not attached to the bacterial chromosome. usually contain genes that are not crucial for survival of the bacterium on a day-to-day basis, but may be crucial in some circumstances (i.e. antibiotic resistance)

A

plasmids, extrachromosomal genetic elements

109
Q

plasmids that carry genes for antibiotic resistance

A

R factors

110
Q

composed of 2 subunits. protein factories found in the cytoplasm

A

ribosomes

111
Q

how do prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes different? how is this medically important?

A

structurally. certain antibiotics can inhibit the activity of prokaryotic ribosome without affecting eukaryotic ribosomes.

112
Q

which antibiotics only affect prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

streptomycin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol

113
Q

stored phosphate inclusion

A

metachromatic granules

114
Q

stored carbohydrate inclusion

A

polysaccharide granules

115
Q

stored fat inclusion

A

lipid inclusions

116
Q

inclusions used for energy

A

sulfur granules

117
Q

inclusions of iron oxide

A

magnetosomes

118
Q

protect the cell against damage caused by hydrogen peroxide, which forms naturally in the cell in the presence of oxygen

A

magnetosomes

119
Q

highly durable, dehydrated bodies, with a thick wall, which are formed inside gram positive bacteria. resistant to killing(survive boiling water for 19 hours) and may remain dormant for up to 40 million years and still undergo germination. appear colorless under gram stain.

A

endospores (clostridium, bacillus, bacillus anthracis)

120
Q

includes algae, protozoans, fungi, higher plants, animals

A

eukaryotic cell

121
Q

these two external structures of the eukaryotic cell can be present and used for locomotion

A

flagella and cilia

122
Q

why are all animal cells gram negative?

A

they lack a cell wall

123
Q

why doesn’t penicillin and other similar beta-lactam antibiotics directly hurt human cells?

A

because their cell walls don’t contain peptidoglycan

124
Q

sticky carbohydrate covering the outer curface of the plasma membrane that strengthens the cell surface, help attach cells together, and may contribute to cell-to-cell recognition

A

glycocalyx

125
Q

in addition to diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport, what do eukaryotes use?

A

endocytosis

126
Q

how WBCs ingest and destroy foreign microbes

A

phagocytosis

127
Q

‘cell drinking’. extracellular fluid along with whatever substances are dissolved in the fluid is brought into the cell by invaginations of the cell membrane

A

pinocytosis

128
Q

when substances bind to receptors in the membrane, which then triggers the membrane to fold inward

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

129
Q

what do prokaryotes make to interfere with endocytosis/phagocytosis?

A

glycocalyx, capsule, slime layer, polysaccharide layer, lipid A

130
Q

one of the ways that viruses can enter animal cells

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

131
Q

includes everything inside the cell membrane and external to the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

132
Q

refers to the liquid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

133
Q

eukaryotes have tiny rods and cylinders in their cytoplasm that together form what?

A

cytoskeleton

134
Q

cytoskeleton provides support and movement for the eukaryotic cell’s organelles and the cells themselves

A

amoeboid motion or cytoplasmic streaming

135
Q

where are eukaryotic ribosomes located?

A

free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER

136
Q

(____) contains cell’s DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane (_____). (____) allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm.

A

nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

137
Q

where are the ribosomal subunits created?

A

nuclei within the nucleus

138
Q

DNA as a threadlike mass

A

chromatin

139
Q

condensed DNA

A

chromosomes

140
Q

network of canals running through the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

141
Q

studded with ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis

A

rough ER

142
Q

synthesizes phospholipids, fats, and steroids

A

smooth ER

143
Q

functions in the secretion and release from the cell of certain proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

A

golgi complex

144
Q

proteins synthesized by ribosomes on the rough ER are transported to the golgi complex via (_____) where they are then modified and packaged for release into the cell cytoplasm in (______) or for release outside the cell vie (_____)

A

transport vesicles, storage vesicles, secretory vesicles

145
Q

contain digestive enzymes for digesting molecules or phagocytized materials

A

lysosomes

146
Q

what produces the digestive enzymes in the lysosomes?

A

ribosomes

147
Q

membrane bound bags created either by the golgi complex or by endocytosis

A

vacuoles

148
Q

powerhouses of the cell which produce ATP on the inner surface of cristae. have their own ribosomes and DNA. reproduce by binary fission

A

mitochondria

149
Q

inner mitochondrial membrane which provides enormous surface area on which chemical reactions can occur

A

cristae

150
Q

center of the mitochondrion that is a semifluid substance

A

matrix

151
Q

eukaryotic mitochondria with bacterial type ribosomes that can be damaged by antibiotics used in bacterial ribosomes and they have their own DNA,

A

support for the Endosymbiotic Theory

152
Q

what antibiotic kills mitochondrial ribosomes in the bone marrow, and what disease does it cause so that a bone marrow transplant must be done?

A

chloramphenicol causes aplastic anemia

Elementary Microbiology (45 decks)

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