3) Key questions

Question 1

What are the difference features between Broca’s aphasia and Wenicke’s aphasia?

Answer 1

1. Speech fluency.
2. Comprehension
3. Repetition
4. Speech Characteristics
5. Typical lesion sites.

Question 2

What are the differences between Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 2

1. Non-fluent, effortful, agrammatic vs. Fluent but often meaningless (empty content).
2. Comprehension is relatively preserved vs. severely impaired.
3. Repetition is poor in both.
4. poor articulation, dysprosody, hypophonia vs. Neologisms, normal prosody, semantic and phonemic paraphasias.
5. Left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area) vs. Left superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke’s area).

Question 3

How many ‘ processing routes’ are there for word repetition?”

Answer 3

There are two according to the modular models:
1. Lexical route - processes known words via the semantic and phonological lexicon.
2. Sub-lexical rote processes unfamiliar or non-words using sound-to-articulate conversion.

Question 4

What types of aphasia are the different ‘processing routes’ tied to?

Answer 4

1. Damage to the dorsal stream = Conduction aphasia.
2. Damage to ventral stream = ranscortical Sensory Aphasia
3. Damage to both streams = Wernicke’s aphasia.

Question 5

How many ‘processing routes’ are there for word reading?

Answer 5

There are two according to the dual-rote model of reading:
1. Lexical route—used for familiar words, including irregular ones (e.g., “yacht,” “pint.”
2. The sub-lexical (phonological) route is used for unfamiliar or non-words by sounding them out.

Question 6

What types of dyslexia are linked to the different ‘processing routes’

Answer 6

1. Surface dyslexia = damage to the lexical route.
2. Phonological dyslexia = damage to sub-lexical route.
3. Deep dyslexia = semantic error plus multiple route impairments.

Question 7

What is anomia?

Answer 7

Anomia is a language disorder where individuals struggle to retrieve the names of objects, often described as being in a permanent ‘tip of the tongue’ state.

Question 8

How can anomia be diagnosed?

Answer 8

1. Confrontational naming tasks (e.g., naming pictured objects)
2. Analysis of error types:
   - Semantic error (e.g., calling an eagle a “bird”).
   - Phonological errors (e.g., “trllicopter” for hellicopter).
   - Circumlocutions (e.g., “the thing you fly in” for plane).
   - Neologisms (made-up words).
3. Cognitive models show that naming impairments can stem from:
   - Visual processing issues
   - Semantic system damage
   - Phonological output processing issues.

Question 9

What is the key distinction between Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 9

production vs. comprehension

Question 10

What is the connection between input and output called, and what is the sequence of damage to it?

Answer 10

Arcuate fasciculus – if the arrow is damaged = it results in conduction aphasia (access system)

Question 11

What seems to be inportant in the loss of words in anomia?

Answer 11

Age of acquisition.

Question 12

What’s the wors and best case situation in treatment?

Answer 12

worst = catestrophic intervention, best = generalizability across categories.

Question 13

What’s the best way to retrain systems in aphasia?

Answer 13

Teach them the least birdy bird to reteach them the boundaries of the category for generalizability across a category - oposite in smenatic dementia.