3: Phylogenetics, Lycophytes, Monilophytes (4/7)

Question 1

Polyphyletic group

Answer 1

Descendants of two or more disparate ancestors

Question 2

Monophyletic group

Answer 2

A common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 3

Paraphyletic group

Answer 3

A common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

Question 4

Character

Answer 4

A heritable feature of an organism that can be consistently measured, counted, or otherwise defined

Question 5

Character states

Answer 5

Different conditions of a character observed in different taxa

Like presence of a nucleotide, etc.

Question 6

Polarized character

How would you polarize a character?

Answer 6

A trait where we know which version came first (ancestral) and which came later (derived)

Choose a group closely related to the group you’re studying (the outgroup)

If the outgroup has state A and the ingroup has both A and B, we assume:
A = ancestral
B = derived

Question 7

Ancestral states

Answer 7

Characteristics inherited from a common ancestor

Question 8

Derived states

Answer 8

Novel features that evolved in a specific lineage

Question 9

Synapomorphy

Answer 9

Derived character state shared by two or more taxa

Monophyletic groups are united by synapomorphies

Question 10

Symplesiomorphy

Answer 10

Ancestral character state shared by two or more taxa

Paraphyletic groups are recognized based on symplesiomorphies

Question 11

“Dicots” as a whole are a paraphyletic group,
united by WHAT symplesiomorphy?

Answer 11

Having two cotyledons

Question 12

Monocots are a monophyletic group united by WHAT synapomorphy?

Answer 12

One cotyledon

Question 13

Eudicots are a monophyletic group, united by WHAT synapomorphy

Answer 13

Tricolpate pollen

Question 14

What are the three families of lycophytes?

Answer 14

Lycopodiaceae (club-moss family)
Selaginellaceae (spike-moss family)
Isoetaceae (quillwort family)

Question 15

Microphylls

Answer 15

Leaf-like structures that have only one vascular bundle

Question 16

Sporophylls

Answer 16

Sporangia-bearing leaves

Question 17

Sporangia

What is it and are the two types of sporangia?

Answer 17

A reproductive structure that produces and stores spores

Eusporangium and leptosporangium

Question 18

Eusporangium

Answer 18

Develops from multiple intial cells
Produces many spores
Annulus usually absent

One of the two types of sporangia

Question 19

Leptosporangium

Answer 19

Develops from single initial cell
Produces fewer spores
Annulus usually present

One of the two types of sporangia

Question 20

Annulus

Answer 20

A specialized ring of cells found around sporangia that has unevenly thickened walls that cause it to burst and release spores when mature

Question 21

Strobilus/strobili

Answer 21

A cone-like structure that contains sporangia

Question 22

Sorus/sori

Answer 22

A cluster of sporangia

Question 23

Indusium

Answer 23

A flap of tissue that covers sori

Question 24

False indusium

Answer 24

A rolled-over leaf margin under which sporangia form and mature

Question 25

Homosporous alternation of generations ## Footnote Number of spore types Spore size Gametophyte type

Answer 25

Plant produces one type of spore, all same size Bisexual gametophyte

Question 26

Heterosporous alternation of generations ## Footnote Number of spore types Spore size Gametophyte type

Answer 26

Plant produces two types of spores, megaspore and microspore, different sizes Unisexual gametophyte

Question 27

Seedless vascular plants

Answer 27

Lycophytes and Monilophytes

Question 28

Circinate vernation

Answer 28

The manner in which most fern fronds emerge, starting out coiled into a tight spiral