3. Politics and Representation and Participation Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
What is the role of social movements in strengthening democratic processes?
A
Social movements play a crucial role in advocating for social change, raising awareness about issues, and mobilizing citizens to participate in the democratic process, thereby enhancing democratic engagement and accountability.
2
Q
How does electoral democracy augment the participation of people in the democratic process?
A
Electoral democracy enhances participation by providing citizens with the opportunity to vote, engage in political discourse, and influence government decisions through elected representatives, thus fostering a more inclusive political environment.
3
Q
What does the modernization thesis assert about affluence and stable democracy?
A
The modernization thesis posits that economic affluence leads to the development of stable democratic institutions, suggesting that wealthier societies are more likely to sustain democratic governance.
4
Q
What is the impact of electoral systems and cleavages in shaping party systems?
A
Electoral systems and social cleavages significantly influence the formation and dynamics of party systems, affecting how parties are organized, how they compete, and how they represent diverse societal interests in developing countries.
5
Q
What is the significance of political parties and pressure groups in democracy?
A
Political parties and pressure groups are essential for representing diverse interests, facilitating political participation, and ensuring accountability in democratic systems, acting as intermediaries between the government and the public.
6
Q
How has the increased participation of the underprivileged affected democracy in developing societies?
A
The increased participation of the underprivileged can strengthen democracy by promoting inclusivity and representation, but it may also lead to political chaos and conflict if not managed effectively.
7
Q
What is the contribution of liberal democratic principles to the democratization of Indian polity?
A
Liberal democratic principles, such as individual rights, rule of law, and free elections, have significantly contributed to the democratization of Indian polity by promoting political pluralism and protecting civil liberties.
8
Q
What are the reasons for low voter turnout in democratic countries?
A
Reasons for low voter turnout include apathy, disenfranchisement, lack of awareness, and systemic barriers, which can hinder citizens’ engagement in the electoral process.
9
Q
What are the characteristics of new social movements in developing countries?
A
New social movements in developing countries are characterized by their focus on identity, cultural issues, and grassroots mobilization, often addressing social justice and human rights concerns.
10
Q
How does identity influence political participation in developing countries?
A
Identity plays a significant role in political participation by shaping individuals’ political beliefs, affiliations, and mobilization efforts, often influencing how groups engage in the political process.
11
Q
What is the impact of the LGBT movement on political participation in developing societies?
A
The LGBT movement has influenced political participation in developing societies by raising awareness of rights issues, fostering advocacy for equality, and encouraging broader societal engagement in democratic processes.
12
Q
What is the difference between interest groups and pressure groups?
A
Interest groups seek to influence public policy and decision-making without necessarily seeking political power, while pressure groups actively campaign for specific issues and often engage in direct political action.
13
Q
What is the nature of the party system in India?
A
The party system in India is characterized as neither fully western nor indigenous, reflecting a unique blend of traditional and modern political dynamics influenced by diverse social and cultural factors.
14
Q
What makes new social movements distinct in nature?
A
New social movements are distinct in their focus on non-traditional issues, such as environmental concerns, gender rights, and cultural identity, often utilizing innovative strategies for mobilization and advocacy.
15
Q
How do social movements in advanced industrial societies compare to those in developing societies?
A
Social movements in advanced industrial societies often focus on post-materialist issues, while those in developing societies typically address basic rights and socio-economic inequalities, reflecting differing contexts and priorities.
16
Q
What does the rise of social movements indicate about political processes?
A
The rise of social movements can indicate both an opening up of popular space in political processes and a potential decline of representative politics, as citizens seek alternative avenues for expression and influence.
17
Q
What is the definition of political parties according to Maurice Duverger?
A
An organized group of citizens who act as an intermediary between the people and the government.
18
Q
What are the key aspects of political parties related to mobilization?
A
Political parties engage in mobilizing voters, forming alliances, and participating in electoral campaigns to secure public support for their candidates and policies.
19
Q
How does the number of parties define a party system?
A
Party systems can be classified based on the number of significant parties, ranging from two-party systems to multi-party systems.
20
Q
What is meant by ideological polarization in party systems?
A
The degree of ideological polarization among parties influences the nature of political discourse and policy decisions.
21
Q
What is the significance of party competition in political systems?
A
The nature of competition among parties influences political stability and policy outcomes, with competitive party systems often leading to vibrant democracies.
22
Q
What does Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair define as a political party?
A
A political party is an organized, durable group of citizens who seek to gain control of the government through the election of its members to public office.
23
Q
What is the definition of a political party according to Giovanni Sartori?
A
A political party is an organized group that attempts to influence government policy by electing its members to public office.
24
Q
What does Party Systems Theory examine?
A
Party Systems Theory examines the arrangement and structure of political parties, categorizing systems based on the number of significant parties.
25
What is Duverger's Law?
Duverger's Law proposes a relationship between electoral systems and party systems, suggesting that first-past-the-post leads to a two-party system.
26
What does Institutional Theory explore in the context of political parties?
Institutional Theory explores how political institutions shape party behavior and strategies, considering the impact of electoral systems and federalism.
27
What is Cleavage Theory in relation to political parties?
Cleavage Theory examines societal divisions or 'cleavages' that give rise to political parties, aligning with factors like religion, class, ethnicity, or language.
28
What does Resource-Based Theory emphasize regarding political parties?
Resource-Based Theory emphasizes the role of resources in shaping party formation and success, including financial support, organizational capacity, and media influence.
29
What is the Party Cartel Theory?
Party Cartel Theory suggests that parties may converge on key policy issues to minimize differences and maintain stability, aiming to attract a broad voter base.
30
What does the Catch-All Party Model describe?
The Catch-All Party Model describes parties seeking broad appeal by downplaying ideological differences and adopting pragmatic, centrist positions.
31
What is the focus of Party Identity Theory?
Party Identity Theory explores parties' role in shaping individual and collective political identities.
32
What does Clientelism Theory examine?
Clientelism Theory examines patron-client relationships, where parties provide resources for political support, often in developing democracies.
33
What is New Institutionalism in the context of political parties?
New Institutionalism analyzes the impact of formal and informal rules, norms, and structures on party behavior.
34
What are the characteristics of Cadre (elitist) parties?
Cadre parties are characterized by a small membership base and an emphasis on leadership, with decisions made by a small group of experienced and influential members.
35
What is the definition of Flexible Structure in cadre parties?
Cadre parties often have flexible organizational structures, allowing for adaptability and responsiveness to changing political conditions.
36
What role do cadre parties play as intermediaries?
Cadre parties often act as intermediaries between the state and society, articulating the interests of specific groups or social classes.
37
What characterizes European Type Elitist Parties?
European elitist parties often exhibit a more hierarchical and centralized organizational structure, with significant control over decision-making processes by professional leadership.
38
What is a key feature of American Type Elitist Parties?
American elitist parties may have a more decentralized and pluralistic organizational structure, with decision-making authority distributed across various party factions and interest groups.
39
What defines Mass Parties?
Mass parties, also known as integrated parties or modern parties, are characterized by a large, diverse membership base that includes individuals from various social and economic backgrounds, emphasizing active participation from the rank-and-file membership.
40
What is the role of mass parties in decision-making and activities?
Mass parties encourage active participation from their members, providing opportunities for involvement in party activities and decision-making processes.
41
What are the core principles of socialist parties?
The core principles of socialist parties include social ownership of means of production, striving for a classless society, promoting social equality, advocating for democratic economic planning, and promoting worker control.
42
What characterizes communist parties?
Communist parties advocate for a classless society with collective means of production, are rooted in Marxist principles, and are often criticized for lacking internal democracy and centralizing power among top leaders.
43
What defines fascist parties?
Fascist parties embrace far-right fascism, prioritize dictatorial rule and extreme nationalism, and historically reject democracy, emerging during social upheavals with an emphasis on centralized and autocratic governance.
44
What are intermediate type parties according to Maurice Duverger?
Intermediate type parties exhibit characteristics of both cadre and mass parties, having a balanced leadership structure, broader membership than cadre parties, and a defined but flexible ideology.
45
What are Pragmatic Parties according to Hitchner and Levine's classification?
Pragmatic parties are primarily interested in gaining and maintaining power, with members not strongly committed to any particular ideology and willing to adapt their policies to changing political circumstances.
46
What defines Doctrinal Parties in Hitchner and Levine's classification?
Doctrinal parties are motivated by a strong commitment to a particular ideology or set of principles, with members willing to sacrifice power or compromise their goals to uphold their beliefs.
47
What are Interest Parties as classified by Hitchner and Levine?
Interest parties are organized to represent the interests of a particular group or class, with members primarily concerned with securing benefits for their group and willing to compromise on other issues to achieve their goals.
48
What is the significance of the Party System in comparative political science?
The Party System is a cornerstone in comparative political science that examines the governance structure by political parties, providing insights into a country's political landscape and overall political character.
49
How does G. Sartori classify party systems?
G. Sartori emphasizes that party systems should be categorized based on relevant parties capable of forming a government, distinguishing them by the number of such parties.
50
What are the two broad categories of party systems proposed by Duverger?
Duverger broadly classified party systems into two categories: Pluralistic party systems and One-party systems.
51
What is a multi-party system?
A multi-party system is a political system in which multiple political parties compete for power and all have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition, allowing for a greater diversity of political viewpoints and ideologies to be represented in the government.
52
What are the merits of a multi-party system?
The merits of a multi-party system include greater representation of diverse viewpoints, increased accountability of elected officials, and more stable governments due to coalition formations.
53
What are the characteristics of multi-party systems?
Multi-party systems are characterized by a large number of political parties, proportional representation in the legislature, and the formation of coalition governments to achieve a majority.
54
What are the demerits of a multi-party system?
The demerits of a multi-party system include difficulty in forming stable governments, slow decision-making due to the need for negotiation, and potential for political gridlock.
55
What is a two-party system?
A two-party system is a political system in which two major political parties dominate the political landscape, holding a near-monopoly on power and making it rare for a third party to win significant seats or form a government.
56
What are the characteristics of two-party systems?
The characteristics of two-party systems include the dominance of two major parties that hold a large majority of seats in the legislature and the competitive nature of elections between these two parties.
57
What is ideological polarization in a two-party system?
Ideological polarization refers to the opposing ideologies of the two major parties in a two-party system, which can lead to a high degree of political polarization.
58
What are the merits of a two-party system regarding voter choices?
A two-party system provides clear choices for voters, making it easier to choose between two alternatives, which can lead to more informed voting decisions.
59
What is a potential demerit of a two-party system related to representation?
A potential demerit of a two-party system is the limited representation of diverse viewpoints in the government, as only two major ideologies are typically represented.
60
What characterizes a one-party system?
A one-party system is characterized by the exclusive existence of a single party, often suppressing opposition parties and tied to specific ideologies like Marxism or Fascism.
61
What are the three forms of one-party rule as delineated by James Jupp?
The three forms of one-party rule are Liberal One-Party Rule, Rigid One-Party Rule, and Authoritarian Rule, each differing in levels of internal democracy and control.
62
What defines a dominant party system?
A dominant party system is defined by one political party consistently holding power and securing a majority of seats in elections over an extended period.
63
What is a feature of a dominant party system regarding electoral success?
A feature of a dominant party system is that the party consistently secures a majority of seats in legislative elections, making it the ruling party.
64
What is the significance of Political Stability in dominant party systems?
Political Stability refers to the association of dominant party systems with continuity in governance, as a single party often provides consistent leadership and policy direction.
65
How do political parties contribute to Policy Formulation and Legislation?
Political parties articulate political ideologies, present policy platforms, and actively contribute to the development and passage of legislation, shaping the legal framework of governance.
66
What role do opposition parties play in a democratic system?
Opposition parties scrutinize government policies, provide alternative viewpoints, and hold the ruling party accountable, ensuring a system of checks and balances within the political framework.
67
How does the participation of underprivileged groups strengthen democracy?
Participation of underprivileged groups is argued to strengthen democracy by ensuring a truly representative system, as diverse engagement leads to more equitable policies and governance.
68
What are the potential risks associated with increased participation of underprivileged groups?
Increased participation of underprivileged groups can lead to potential risks such as conflict in unequal societies, polarization, and the rise of populism, which may challenge democratic norms.
69
What is the role of political parties in Political Socialization?
Political parties shape citizens' understanding of political processes and values, contributing to political socialization by educating the public on issues and policies.
70
What is the significance of Rajni Kothari's analysis in understanding the party system in India?
Rajni Kothari's analysis highlights how the diverse and pluralistic nature of Indian society, including factors like regional, linguistic, caste, and religious identities, shapes the political dynamics and contributes to the development of a robust multi-party system in India.
71
How did the transformation of the Indian National Congress reflect the evolution of the party system in India?
The transformation of the Indian National Congress from an elite dialogue platform to a mass political movement signifies the historical evolution of the Indian party system, marking the beginning of a new era in Indian politics post-independence.
72
What does the rise of regional parties and coalition politics indicate about the current political landscape in India?
The rise of regional parties and coalition politics indicates a shift away from single-party dominance, reflecting the intricate socio-political diversity of India and the coexistence of national parties with various regional and caste-based parties.
73
What is the impact of the First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) electoral system on the party system in India?
The First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) electoral system often leads to a two-party system, as it incentivizes parties to broaden their appeal to win single-member districts, resulting in a largely two-party system at the national level in India.
74
How do Proportional Representation (PR) systems affect the representation of political parties?
Proportional Representation (PR) systems allow parties to gain seats in proportion to the number of votes received, often resulting in multi-party systems that enable smaller parties to gain representation and reflect a wider range of interests.
75
What leads to a two-party system in India?
The incentive for parties to broaden their appeal to win single-member districts leads to a largely two-party system at the national level in India.
76
How do Proportional Representation (PR) systems affect the representation of political parties?
PR systems allow parties to gain seats in proportion to the number of votes received, often resulting in multi-party systems that enable smaller parties to gain representation and reflect a wider range of interests.
77
What role do ethnic and religious cleavages play in the formation of political parties?
Ethnic and religious cleavages often lead to the formation of political parties that represent specific groups and advocate for their interests, as seen in countries like Nigeria.
78
What are class and ideological cleavages in party formation?
Class and ideological cleavages refer to the differences in interests and beliefs that drive the formation of political parties, often seen in developing countries.
79
How do rural-urban cleavages influence party systems?
Rural-urban cleavages create differences in interests and development levels between rural and urban areas, leading to the emergence of parties that represent the interests of either population.
80
What role does ethnicity play in political participation?
Ethnicity serves as a powerful determinant of political participation, influencing voting patterns and political behavior, as seen in countries like Kenya.
81
How does religious identity affect political participation in India?
Religious identity significantly influences political participation in India, impacting voting choices and political strategies of parties targeting religious identities.
82
What is the impact of the caste system on politics in India?
The caste system profoundly impacts politics, with parties aligning with specific castes to secure electoral support, leading to movements like the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) that represent Dalit interests.
83
What does the modernization thesis suggest about democracy?
The modernization thesis suggests that economic development and affluence are conducive to the establishment and stability of democratic systems.
84
What is India's democratic exceptionalism?
India's democratic exceptionalism refers to its ability to sustain a stable democracy since 1947 despite low initial economic development.
85
What socio-cultural factors contribute to India's democratic resilience?
India's democratic resilience is attributed to various socio-cultural factors that support democratic values and institutions despite economic challenges.
86
What is the significance of cultural diversity in India's democracy?
Cultural diversity contributes to India's pluralistic society and rich tradition of debate, which are key to its democratic fabric.
87
What are the institutional foundations of democracy in India?
The Constitution of India provides a robust institutional foundation for democracy, emphasizing secularism, federalism, and judicial independence.
88
How did early political leadership influence India's democratic path?
Early Indian leaders, notably Jawaharlal Nehru, instilled democratic values and guided the country towards democracy despite challenges.
89
What reforms have been implemented in India's democracy to address societal needs?
India's democracy has evolved to implement significant reforms such as reservations for marginalized communities and decentralization through Panchayati Raj institutions.
90
What are some reasons for low voter turnout in democratic countries?
Reasons for low voter turnout include political disengagement, lack of awareness, complexities in the registration process, socio-economic factors, and low public trust in government institutions.
91
How do interest groups and pressure groups differ?
Interest groups advocate for a broad range of interests, while pressure groups focus more narrowly on specific issues or causes.
92
What is the pluralist perspective in relation to interest groups?
The pluralist perspective emphasizes the crucial role of interest groups in a democratic society, arguing that competition among these groups ensures a balance of power.
93
What distinguishes pressure groups from interest groups?
Pressure groups focus on specific issues and seek to exert immediate pressure through direct action, while interest groups represent a broader range of interests.
94
What is the neo-pluralist perspective on interest groups?
The neo-pluralist perspective integrates elements of both pluralism and elitism, recognizing the importance of interest groups while underscoring the unequal distribution of resources.
95
What are the characteristics of pressure groups?
Pressure groups are characterized by an organized pursuit of interests and a focused influence on specific policy issues.
96
What role do interest groups play in a democratic society according to the elitist perspective?
According to the elitist perspective, a small elite holds disproportionate power, and interest groups may serve the interests of this elite.
97
What is the role of pressure groups in representation?
Pressure groups act as representatives, giving a voice to marginalized groups.
98
How do pressure groups influence policy?
Pressure groups influence policy through lobbying, expert advice, and collaboration.
99
What is agenda-setting in the context of pressure groups?
Agenda-setting involves shaping political agendas by highlighting important issues.
100
What techniques do pressure groups use for social mobilization?
Pressure groups mobilize members for activism, raising awareness and garnering support.
101
What are the four types of pressure groups identified by G. Almond?
The four types of pressure groups are Institutional Interest Groups, Associational Interest Groups, Anomic Interest Groups, and Non-Associational Interest Groups.
102
What is the significance of coalition building among pressure groups?
Coalition building strengthens impact and broadens advocacy by forming alliances.
103
How do pressure groups promote political participation?
Pressure groups encourage civic engagement and democratic participation.
104
What are community interest groups according to Jean Blondel's classification?
Community interest groups are formed based on the customs and traditions of a community.
105
What are associational groups in Jean Blondel's classification?
Associational groups aim to protect the interests of their members or promote broader community interests.
106
What are exclusive groups in Maurice Duverger's classification of pressure groups?
Exclusive groups are solely focused on pressuring the political system.
107
What are pseudo-pressure groups as defined by Maurice Duverger?
Pseudo-pressure groups comprise specialists engaging in pressure politics for others.
108
What is a key shortcoming of pressure groups related to narrow self-interest?
Certain groups prioritize their interests, neglecting broader societal needs.
109
How do powerful pressure groups exert undue influence on policymaking?
Powerful groups exert disproportionate influence on policies, favoring their interests over the public good.
110
What is a significant issue regarding transparency and accountability in pressure groups?
Groups with limited transparency hinder assessment of their motives, making it difficult to evaluate their influence.
111
What are pressure groups and how do they differ from political parties?
Pressure groups influence policy decisions on specific issues, while political parties seek political power and control the government.
112
What is the role of pressure groups in India?
Pressure groups in India advocate for specific issues and influence policymaking.
113
What are the positive aspects of pressure groups in India?
Positive aspects include their ability to influence policy decisions and impact legislation.
114
What challenges do pressure groups face in India?
Challenges include limited representation of diverse interests and inequality in access to resources.
115
What is Resource Mobilization Theory in the context of pressure groups?
Resource Mobilization Theory emphasizes the importance of resources and organizational strength in determining the success of pressure groups.
116
What does the Pluralist Perspective suggest about pressure groups?
The Pluralist Perspective suggests that pressure groups contribute to a more inclusive democratic process.
117
What is the role of interest groups in promoting democracy?
Interest groups contribute to a more pluralistic and representative democracy.
118
How do interest groups undermine democracy?
Interest groups can undermine democracy through influence imbalance and elitism.
119
What is Charles Tilly's definition of a social movement?
Charles Tilly defines a social movement as a series of contentious performances by ordinary people making collective claims.
120
How does Sidney Tarrow define a social movement?
Sidney Tarrow defines a social movement as a collective challenge to elites by people with common purposes.
121
What is the focus of John McCarthy and Mayer Zald's definition of a social movement?
They focus on social movements as a set of opinions and beliefs representing preferences for changing elements of the social structure.
122
What distinguishes old social movements from new social movements?
Old social movements focused on economic issues, while new social movements emphasize identity and quality of life.
123
What are New Social Movements (NSMs)?
NSMs emerged in the latter 20th century, focusing on identity and quality-of-life concerns.
124
What is the significance of intersectionality in social movements?
Intersectionality recognizes interconnected social issues, informing movements like Black Lives Matter.
125
How do New Social Movements address environmental activism?
NSMs advocate for sustainable practices and resist environmentally harmful projects.
126
What role does technology play in modern social movements?
Technology, especially social media, is utilized for communication and mobilization.
127
What are the characteristics of youth activism in social movements?
Youth activism is characterized by significant youth involvement and innovative strategies.
128
What is cultural hybridity in the context of social movements?
Cultural hybridity involves blending traditional elements with modern ideas in the context of globalization.
129
What are non-institutional forms of protest in social movements?
Non-institutional forms of protest engage in decentralized protests and cultural expressions.
130
What are reform movements and provide an example?
Reform movements aim for gradual changes within existing systems, exemplified by the Civil Rights Movement.
131
What characterizes revolutionary movements and give an example?
Revolutionary movements seek rapid changes to existing structures, exemplified by the Cuban Revolution.
132
What are resistance or reactionary movements?
Resistance movements emerge in response to perceived threats, resisting specific policies or ideologies.
133
How do social movements empower citizens?
Social movements empower citizens by providing a platform for collective action.
134
What role do social movements play in advocating for social justice?
Social movements address injustices and advocate for marginalized communities.
135
How do social movements ensure political accountability?
Social movements serve as a check on political power, demanding transparency and challenging corruption.
136
What is the impact of social movements on civil liberties?
Social movements advocate for fundamental rights like freedom of speech.
137
How do social movements diversify political participation?
By bringing in traditionally marginalized voices, social movements foster a more representative democratic discourse.
138
What is the role of social movements in raising awareness and education?
Social movements contribute to political awareness by educating the public on critical issues.
139
How do social movements respond to crises?
Social movements swiftly respond to crises, offering grassroots support.
140
What is the influence of social movements on policies?
Successful social movements influence policy changes, prompting governments to respond to their demands.
141
How do social movements build global solidarity?
Social movements gain international support, finding global solidarity that amplifies their impact.
142
What is the decline of political parties related to party membership and participation?
The decline of political parties is noted by a decrease in traditional forms of political participation.
143
What contributes to the trust deficit in established political parties?
The trust deficit is caused by instances of corruption and a perceived disconnect from citizens.
144
What is the significance of issue-centric activism in new social movements?
Issue-centric activism allows citizens to engage with specific causes they are passionate about.
145
How do social movements contribute to increased citizen participation in politics?
Social movements empower citizens, drawing in those traditionally disengaged from politics.
146
What role do new social movements play in fostering inclusivity and diversity in democracy?
New social movements tend to be more inclusive, representing a diversity of voices and perspectives.
147
How does the rise of social movements indicate a decline in trust in traditional political institutions?
The global decline in trust in traditional institutions indicates a shift towards social movements.
148
What role do new social movements play in fostering inclusivity and diversity in democracy?
New social movements tend to be more inclusive, representing a diversity of voices and perspectives, contrasting with the often homogenous nature of political parties, thus fostering a more representative democracy.
149
How does the rise of social movements indicate a decline in trust in traditional political institutions?
The global decline in trust in traditional institutions, as indicated by Edelman's Trust Barometer, is reflected in movements like the Yellow Vest protests in France, signaling a shift away from reliance on representative politics.
150
What challenges do social movements pose to governance stability?
Social mobilization can challenge governance stability, as seen in ongoing protests in Hong Kong, where governments struggle to formulate effective policies in the face of sustained public dissent, contributing to political instability.
151
What is the significance of youth engagement in movements?
Youth contribute energetically to movements, exemplified by climate activism and youth-led political movements.
152
How do economic contexts differ between movements in advanced industrial societies and developing societies?
Movements in advanced industrial societies focus on economic policies, while those in developing societies address poverty and exploitation.
153
What role does political structure play in movements in advanced industrial societies compared to developing societies?
Advanced industrial societies have established democratic systems, whereas developing societies may struggle with governance, democracy-building, and resistance against authoritarian regimes.
154
What cultural and identity issues are emphasized in movements in developing societies?
Movements in developing societies emphasize cultural preservation and identity rights, while those in advanced industrial societies focus on multiculturalism and minority rights.
155
What is the impact of globalization on movements in advanced industrial societies?
Movements in advanced industrial societies challenge economic inequality, while those in developing societies address cultural globalization, neocolonialism, and economic dependency.
156
What advancements has the LGBT movement achieved in developed societies?
The LGBT movement in developed societies has achieved legal recognition, including same-sex marriage, anti-discrimination laws, and equal rights.
157
How has increased visibility affected the LGBT movement in developed societies?
Increased visibility has fostered a sense of community and solidarity among LGBT individuals, as highlighted by Judith Butler's work on performativity.
158
What is the role of transnational advocacy in the LGBT movement?
LGBT organizations from developed countries collaborate with counterparts in developing societies to share knowledge, resources, and advocacy strategies, influencing policy changes.
159
What challenges does the LGBT movement face in developing societies?
The LGBT movement in developing societies faces challenges such as backlash, cultural resistance, and legal barriers, as noted by scholars like Steven L. B. Jensen.
160
What is intersectionality in the context of the LGBT movement?
Intersectionality refers to the recognition that the impact of the LGBT movement on political participation in developing societies is intertwined with issues of gender, class, and ethnicity, as emphasized by scholars like Kimberlé Crenshaw.
161
What are the future prospects of the LGBT movement's impact on political participation?
The future of the LGBT movement's impact on political participation in developing societies is dynamic and depends on various factors, including local context, international pressure, and the resilience of activists.
162
How do social movements influence political representation and participation?
Social movements amplify diverse voices and contribute to the evolving nature of political representation and participation, but there are concerns about the responsiveness of representative politics.
163
What is the challenge in balancing social movements and representative institutions?
The challenge lies in balancing the transformative potential of social movements with the stability and inclusivity of representative institutions to ensure a participatory and accountable democracy.
