5. Approaches to study in International Relations Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
What is the functionalist approach in International Relations?
A
The functionalist approach in International Relations emphasizes the importance of cooperation and integration among states to maintain peace and order in global politics, focusing on the role of international organizations and transnational actors in fostering collaboration.
2
Q
What do you mean by offensive and defensive realism?
A
Offensive realism is a theory in International Relations that suggests states are inherently aggressive and seek to maximize their power to ensure survival, while defensive realism posits that states are more security-seeking and aim to maintain their position without unnecessary aggression.
3
Q
What is the realist prescription to the States to ensure their survival in an anarchical world?
A
The realist prescription for states in an anarchical world is to prioritize national interest and security, often through military strength and strategic alliances, to deter threats and ensure their survival.
4
Q
What are the basic tenets of neo-realism?
A
Neo-realism, developed by Kenneth Waltz, emphasizes the structure of the international system as the primary factor influencing state behavior, focusing on the distribution of power among states and the constraints imposed by the anarchic nature of the system.
5
Q
What are the major differences between classical Realism and Neorealism?
A
Classical Realism, as articulated by Hans Morgenthau, focuses on human nature and the moral dimensions of power politics, while Neorealism emphasizes the structural aspects of the international system and the distribution of power as the key determinants of state behavior.
6
Q
What is complex interdependence?
A
Complex interdependence is a concept that describes the interconnectedness of states and non-state actors in multiple domains, such as economics, security, and environmental issues, highlighting that states are affected by each other’s actions beyond military concerns.
7
Q
What are the core assumptions of idealism in International Relations?
A
Idealism in International Relations is based on the belief that international relations should be guided by ethical norms and values, emphasizing cooperation, diplomacy, and the potential for progress and peace through international institutions.
8
Q
What are the main factors that contributed to the transformation from the ‘Billiards Ball model’ to a ‘Cobweb model’?
A
The transformation from the ‘Billiards Ball model’ to a ‘Cobweb model’ reflects the increasing complexity and interdependence in international relations, driven by globalization, technological advancements, and the rise of non-state actors that influence state behavior and international outcomes.
9
Q
What are the commonalities between the Marxist and Realist approaches to International Politics?
A
Both Marxist and Realist approaches share a focus on power dynamics and the role of material interests in shaping international relations, emphasizing the influence of economic factors and the struggle for power among states and classes.
10
Q
What is the critique of the Functionalist approach to International Relations?
A
The critique of the Functionalist approach argues that it may overlook the power dynamics and conflicts inherent in international relations, focusing too much on cooperation and integration while neglecting the role of state interests and competition.
11
Q
What is the Monroe Doctrine?
A
The Monroe Doctrine, articulated by the United States in 1823, opposed European colonialism in the Americas and asserted U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere, serving as an early expression of regional hegemony.
12
Q
What is the Billiard Ball Model in International Relations?
A
The Billiard Ball Model views states as cohesive units interacting in a system of anarchy, where the internal characteristics of states are less significant than their external behaviors and interactions.
13
Q
What characterized the Cold War era?
A
The Cold War era was characterized by nuclear deterrence, proxy wars, the space race, and ideological contestation between capitalism and communism, with the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) preventing direct conflict between the U.S. and the USSR.
14
Q
What was the significance of the Treaty of Versailles?
A
The Treaty of Versailles and the failure to create a lasting peace set the stage for World War II, highlighting the weaknesses of the League of Nations and the critiques from realist scholars like E.H. Carr.
15
Q
What does Francis Fukuyama’s ‘The End of History’ thesis suggest?
A
Francis Fukuyama’s ‘The End of History’ thesis suggests that the late 20th century marked the triumph of liberal democracy, though it faced critiques for its perceived triumphalism.
16
Q
What are the key theoretical approaches in the study of international relations?
A
Key theoretical approaches in international relations include idealism, realism, Marxist theory, functionalism, and systems theory, each offering unique perspectives on global interactions.
17
Q
What is the definition of a state-centric world view in international relations?
A
A state-centric world view refers to a perspective that places the nation-state at the center of political analysis, believing that states are the primary actors in the international system and the main units for understanding global political dynamics.
18
Q
What does sovereignty mean in the context of a state-centric world view?
A
Sovereignty means that states possess complete control over their territories, free from external influence.
19
Q
How does the concept of anarchy relate to the state-centric world view?
A
Anarchy in the international system refers to the lack of a global authority, leading states to rely on self-help for survival and security.
20
Q
What is the primacy of national interest in a state-centric world view?
A
The primacy of national interest means that states prioritize their security and economic prosperity, often over international norms or ethics.
21
Q
What is Realpolitik in the context of international relations?
A
Realpolitik refers to the dominance of power and practical concerns in international relations, superseding ideological or moral aspects.
22
Q
What does the zero-sum perspective imply in international relations?
A
The zero-sum perspective implies that international relations are viewed as competitive, where one state’s gain is another’s loss.
23
Q
What characterizes the Billiard Ball Model in international relations?
A
The Billiard Ball Model reflects a state-centric approach, viewing states as primary, sovereign actors interacting at points of conflict or agreement, focusing on external actions and largely disregarding internal dynamics or non-state influences.
24
Q
What is the Cobweb Model in international relations?
A
The Cobweb Model represents a more complex, interconnected international system with various actors, including states, international organizations, NGOs, corporations, and individuals, influencing each other in diverse and often unpredictable ways.
25
What factors contributed to the shift from the Billiard Ball Model to the Cobweb Model?
Factors contributing to the shift include globalization, the rise of non-state actors, and technological advancements, which complexify the international system beyond simple state-to-state interactions.
26
What is Economic Interdependence?
Economic Interdependence refers to the intricate interconnections of the global economy, where economic actions in one state can have global impacts, exemplified by events like the 2008 financial crisis.
27
What are Transnational Challenges?
Transnational Challenges are global issues such as climate change, pandemics, and terrorism that require responses beyond individual states, highlighting the limitations of a state-centric model.
28
What does the Shift in Power Dynamics refer to?
The Shift in Power Dynamics refers to the rise of new powers like China and India, and the changing influence of traditional powers, resulting in a more multipolar world where power extends beyond military and economic might.
29
What is the significance of Increased Public Awareness and Participation in international relations?
Increased Public Awareness and Participation signifies the growing influence of public opinion, driven by social media and greater access to information, which adds new dimensions to international relations.
30
Who is E.H. Carr and what is his contribution to Realism?
E.H. Carr was a scholar whose influential work 'The Twenty Years' Crisis' critiqued idealistic notions in international relations, advocating for a realistic understanding of power politics and the role of states.
31
What are the key principles articulated by Hans Morgenthau in Realism?
Hans Morgenthau articulated key principles of Realism such as the primacy of national interest, the centrality of power, and the inevitability of conflict among states in his work 'Politics Among Nations'.
32
What insights does Thucydides provide for realist thought?
Thucydides, in his work 'Peloponnesian War', offers insights into power politics, state behavior, and the roles of fear and self-interest in international relations, making him a foundational figure for realist thought.
33
What is the focus of Niccolò Machiavelli's contributions to Realism?
Niccolò Machiavelli's contributions, particularly in 'The Prince' and 'The Discourses', emphasize the pragmatic use of power, the pursuit of national interest, and the concept of realpolitik in international relations.
34
How did Thomas Hobbes influence realist thought?
Thomas Hobbes influenced realist thought through his advocacy for a strong sovereign authority in 'Leviathan', discussing the anarchic nature of the international system and the pursuit of self-interest.
35
What is the Primacy of National Interest in realism?
The Primacy of National Interest refers to the principle that states prioritize their interests for security, survival, and global influence.
36
What does Power Politics emphasize in realism?
Power Politics emphasizes the importance of power in international relations, with states acting as rational actors seeking self-preservation and goal achievement.
37
What is the significance of Anarchy in the International System according to realists?
Realists argue that the lack of a centralized authority leads to an anarchic system, forcing states into self-reliance for security.
38
What is the State-Centric Perspective in realism?
The State-Centric Perspective centers on states as the primary actors in international relations, focusing on sovereign state actions and interests while acknowledging non-state entities.
39
What does the Inevitability of Conflict mean in realism?
The Inevitability of Conflict suggests that conflicts are inherent in international relations, driven by national interests, resource competition, and the anarchic nature of the international system.
40
What is the Balance of Power in realism?
The Balance of Power is a principle that supports establishing and maintaining a balance among states to prevent any one state from becoming overly dominant and destabilizing the system.
41
What are the Six Principles of Classical Realism?
The Six Principles of Classical Realism include Human Nature, National Interest, Nature of National Interest, Relevance of Ethics, Role of Ideology, and Autonomous Field of International Politics.
42
Who is considered the Father of Realism?
Hans Morgenthau is often referred to as the Father of Realism for his foundational work in the field, particularly his book 'Politics Among Nations.'
43
What are the Three Types of States in realism?
The Three Types of States in realism are Status quo, Revisionist, and Imperialist states, each playing different roles in international politics based on their objectives and approaches.
44
What are Status Quo States?
Status Quo States are nations that are satisfied with the current international structure, focusing on stability and adhering to international laws.
## Footnote
An example is Canada, which upholds global norms and pursues stable international relations.
45
What defines Revisionist States?
Revisionist States are countries that strive to change the international order to benefit their interests, often challenging existing boundaries and norms.
## Footnote
An example is Russia's actions in Ukraine, which demonstrate a revisionist agenda to reshape European security dynamics.
46
What characterizes Imperialist States?
Imperialist States aim to expand their influence, potentially undermining other nations' sovereignty through means like territorial expansion or economic dominance.
## Footnote
A modern example is China's Belt and Road Initiative, which is seen as a form of economic imperialism.
47
What are the Idealist and Liberal critiques of Classical Realism?
Idealist and Liberal critiques argue that classical realism's pessimistic view of human nature and inevitability of conflict overlooks the potential for cooperation through international institutions and interdependence, as highlighted by scholars like Woodrow Wilson and Robert O. Keohane.
48
What do Constructivist critiques focus on regarding Classical Realism?
Constructivist critiques, led by scholars like Alexander Wendt, contend that classical realism's focus on material power ignores the significance of social structures, identities, and norms in shaping international relations.
49
What is the main argument of Feminist critiques against Classical Realism?
Feminist critiques, represented by scholars like Cynthia Enloe and Ann Tickner, criticize classical realism for its gender-blind approach, which neglects the role of women and gendered power dynamics, perpetuating a masculinized view of global politics.
50
What does Neo-Realism emphasize in international relations?
Neo-Realism, also known as Structural Realism, emphasizes the anarchic structure of the international system, shifting the focus from human nature to the distribution of power among states and their prioritization of security.
51
What is the significance of the anarchy of the international system in Neo-Realism?
In Neo-Realism, the anarchy of the international system signifies the lack of a central authority, compelling states to prioritize their own security due to the absence of reliable protection from others.
52
How does Neo-Realism view the distribution of power?
Neo-Realism posits that the structure of the international system is shaped by the distribution of power, which can be unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar, and states continuously assess power dynamics to engage in balancing behaviors.
53
What is the primary goal of states according to Neo-Realism?
According to Neo-Realism, the primary goal of states is survival in the international system, which guides their foreign and security policies.
54
What is Predictability Based on System Structure in Neo-Realism?
Neo-Realists focus on predicting state behavior by examining the structure of the international system rather than individual state characteristics, emphasizing system-level dynamics as key to understanding state actions.
55
What is the Liberal Institutionalism critique of Neo-Realism?
Liberal Institutionalism, as argued by Robert Keohane, criticizes Neo-Realism for oversimplifying international relations by overly focusing on anarchy and power, while neglecting the significant role of institutions and international regimes in shaping state behavior.
56
How does Constructivism critique Neo-Realism?
Constructivist scholars, like Alexander Wendt, argue that Neo-Realism neglects the role of ideas, norms, and identities in international relations by concentrating solely on material factors.
57
What is the Feminist critique of Neo-Realism?
Feminist scholars, such as Cynthia Enloe, criticize Neo-Realism for its gender-blind approach, asserting that it overlooks the impact of traditional gender roles and power dynamics on international relations.
58
What does Defensive Realism emphasize about state behavior?
Defensive Realism emphasizes that states prioritize security over power in an anarchic international system, viewing themselves as security-maximizers rather than power-maximizers.
59
What is the significance of the Balance of Power in Defensive Realism?
In Defensive Realism, the balance of power is a key concept where states seek equilibrium to prevent domination by stronger counterparts, achieved through internal military buildup or external alliances.
60
What is the Security Dilemma in Defensive Realism?
The Security Dilemma in Defensive Realism refers to the situation where actions taken by a state to enhance its security can inadvertently threaten other states, potentially leading to arms races and increased tensions.
61
How does Defensive Realism view state policies?
Defensive Realism views states as favoring moderation and maintaining the status quo, considering aggressive policies as risky and potentially diminishing the security of the initiator.
62
What is the Rational Actor Model in Defensive Realism?
The Rational Actor Model in Defensive Realism assumes that states are rational actors making decisions based on a calculated assessment of costs and benefits, emphasizing risk minimization and avoidance of unnecessary conflicts.
63
What is Offensive Realism in international politics?
Offensive realism is a theory developed by John Mearsheimer that posits the anarchic nature of the international system compels states to seek power aggressively to ensure their survival.
64
What is the main goal of states according to Offensive Realism?
According to Offensive Realism, the main goal of states is to become regional hegemons for maximum security, as global hegemony is unattainable due to overextension.
65
How do Defensive and Offensive Realism differ in their view of power?
Defensive Realism suggests that states seek enough power to ensure their security, while Offensive Realism argues that states inherently seek to maximize their power and influence.
66
What is a key similarity between Defensive and Offensive Realism?
Both theories are structural in their approach, focusing on the dynamics of the international system.
67
What is a key similarity between Defensive and Offensive Realism?
Both theories are structural in their approach, focusing on the anarchic nature of the international system as the primary influence on state behavior.
68
What does the term 'anarchy' refer to in the context of international relations?
'Anarchy' refers to the lack of a global governing authority, leading states to rely primarily on their own capabilities for security.
69
What drives states to adopt offensive strategies according to Offensive Realism?
Uncertainty about other states' intentions and capabilities fuels fear and drives states to adopt offensive strategies.
70
What are balancing strategies against revisionist powers?
Balancing strategies include internal strengthening and forming alliances to deter or defeat revisionist states.
71
How does U.S. Foreign Policy illustrate Offensive and Defensive Realism?
The U.S.'s interventions in the Middle East and NATO expansion can be seen as power-maximizing moves (Offensive Realism), while maintaining a military presence worldwide is a strategy for security against threats (Defensive Realism).
72
What is the main focus of Morgenthau's Classical Realism?
Morgenthau's Classical Realism emphasizes human nature, particularly the power-seeking aspect, as a driving force in international politics, considering psychological aspects of state actors.
73
What does Waltz's Neorealism emphasize regarding the international system?
Waltz's Neorealism focuses on the structure of the international system, arguing that the anarchic nature compels states to prioritize security and power, shaped by systemic constraints and opportunities.
74
How do Morgenthau and Waltz differ in their view of power?
Morgenthau views power as an end in itself, while Waltz sees power as a means to ensure security and survival, emphasizing the balance of power among states.
75
What is the predictive approach of Waltz's Neorealism?
Waltz's Neorealism aims to offer a predictive theory of international relations, focusing on changes in the international power structure and their outcomes.
76
How does Morgenthau's view of international politics differ from Waltz's?
Morgenthau views international politics as influenced by moral and ethical choices of statesmen, while Waltz adopts a scientific approach, focusing on structural constraints and downplaying morality.
77
What role does ideology play in Morgenthau's and Waltz's theories?
Morgenthau acknowledges the influence of ideology on state behavior, while Waltz generally views ideology as secondary to structural factors, focusing more on material capabilities.
78
What is Neoclassical Realism?
Neoclassical Realism is a theory in international relations that integrates the basic premises of classical realism with insights from other theories, particularly domestic political factors.
79
What are the core principles of Neoclassical Realism?
The core principles include combining international and domestic factors, the state as the primary actor, the importance of power and perception, the emphasis on relative power, and the variable influence of domestic factors on foreign policy.
80
What does the term 'Self-Help' refer to in Realist prescriptions?
'Self-Help' refers to the principle that states rely on their own resources for survival, exemplified by Israel.
81
How does Neoclassical Realism view the role of domestic factors in foreign policy?
Neoclassical Realism posits that domestic politics can variably influence foreign policy, as seen in the UK's Brexit decision, which was shaped by nationalism.
82
What is the significance of relative power in Neoclassical Realism?
Relative power is significant as it emphasizes states' concerns with their position in the global hierarchy, illustrated by the U.S. pivot to Asia in response to China's rise.
83
What is Realpolitik in the context of Realist prescriptions?
Realpolitik emphasizes practical strategies in foreign affairs, focusing on power and security, as exemplified by Germany's approach.
84
What criticism does realism face regarding its approach to international relations?
Realism is criticized for overlooking non-state actors and global issues, as it focuses primarily on state competition and military strength.
85
What is Liberal Institutionalism?
Liberal Institutionalism emphasizes the role of international institutions in fostering cooperation and mitigating the anarchic nature of international politics, arguing that these institutions reduce uncertainty, promote cooperation, and help manage conflicts.
86
How do international institutions facilitate cooperation according to Liberal Institutionalism?
International institutions like the WTO and UNFCCC facilitate cooperation by providing platforms for states to negotiate and coordinate on various global issues, thereby reducing uncertainty and promoting collaborative efforts.
87
What role does the United Nations play in conflict resolution?
The United Nations plays a key role in conflict resolution and peacekeeping, with successful missions that have been instrumental in maintaining peace and stability in regions like the Balkans and sub-Saharan Africa.
88
What is the significance of international norms and laws in Liberal Institutionalism?
International institutions are central in developing and enforcing global norms and laws, with the UN being pivotal in advancing human rights law and establishing norms that govern state behavior.
89
What is the Democratic Peace Theory?
Democratic Peace Theory posits that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other due to shared mutual norms that favor non-violent conflict resolution.
90
Who are some key advocates of the importance of international institutions and law?
Key advocates include Woodrow Wilson and Robert Keohane, who stress the role of international organizations and legal frameworks in promoting peace and cooperation.
91
What is the relationship between economic interdependence and conflict likelihood?
Theorists like Richard Cobden and Norman Angell suggest that economic ties between nations reduce the likelihood of conflict, as war becomes economically detrimental.
92
What do philosophers John Rawls and Martha Nussbaum emphasize in liberalism?
John Rawls and Martha Nussbaum emphasize justice and ethics in politics, advocating for human rights, democratic governance, and humanitarianism in foreign policy.
93
What is the criticism of Liberal Institutionalism regarding state interests and power politics?
Realists like John Mearsheimer argue that states use institutions to further their own power and interests, exemplified by the use of veto power by permanent members of the UN Security Council.
94
How do critics view the effectiveness of international institutions in crisis situations?
International institutions are sometimes seen as ineffective or too slow to act in crisis situations, limited by the need for consensus among member states, as illustrated by criticisms of the WHO's initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
95
What is the Western bias criticism in Liberal Institutionalism?
Samuel Huntington asserts that international institutions are biased towards Western countries, reflecting and promoting their values and interests at the expense of non-Western states, as seen in criticisms of the IMF and World Bank for promoting Western-style economic policies.
96
What concerns do scholars like Immanuel Wallerstein raise about international institutions?
Scholars like Immanuel Wallerstein raise concerns that international institutions can undermine state sovereignty and create dependency, particularly for smaller and less powerful nations.
97
What is Sociological Liberalism in International Relations?
Sociological Liberalism is a branch within the Liberal school of thought that emphasizes the role of societal actors, transnational networks, and non-state entities in shaping international politics, diverging from traditional state-centric views.
98
What is John Burton's concept of 'Global Society Cooperation'?
John Burton argues that states are not the only gateways for international interaction and that global society plays a crucial role in international relations, illustrated by his 'Cobweb Model' of interactions and relationships beyond state actions.
99
What is Karl Deutsch's concept of a 'Security Community'?
Karl Deutsch introduced the concept of a 'Security Community', where increased interactions and interconnections between societies lead to stronger and more peaceful relations, with a reliable expectation of peaceful conflict resolution.
100
What do sociological liberals argue about state-centric views?
Sociological liberals argue that focusing solely on state-to-state relations overlooks the myriad ways in which societies interact internationally, advocating for recognizing the roles of non-state actors in shaping global politics.
101
What is the significance of Track 2 and Track 3 Diplomacy in Sociological Liberalism?
Track 2 and Track 3 Diplomacy emphasizes informal, people-to-people diplomacy and grassroots engagement as crucial complements to official state diplomacy, fostering mutual understanding and contributing to peace.
102
How do sociological liberals view the causes of war?
Sociological liberals contend that wars are often driven by political institutions rather than the desires of people, promoting a society-centric view that can lead to more peaceful international relations.
103
What is Sociological Liberalism?
Sociological Liberalism is a theory in international relations that emphasizes the role of societal interactions and transnational actors in addressing global challenges, promoting peace, and enhancing cooperation beyond state-level politics.
104
What are the criticisms of Sociological Liberalism?
Critics argue that Sociological Liberalism underestimates state power, overemphasizes transnational actors, faces challenges in measuring impact, and neglects the causes and dynamics of international conflicts.
105
What is Functionalism in international relations?
Functionalism is a theory that emphasizes the role of international organizations and processes in fostering cooperation and peace among states, focusing on practical objectives rather than political ideologies.
106
What is the 'spillover' effect in Functionalism?
The 'spillover' effect in Functionalism refers to the idea that cooperation in one area, particularly economic or technical, can lead to cooperation in other areas, including political, thereby fostering greater integration.
107
What are the criticisms of Functionalism?
Critics of Functionalism argue that it underestimates national sovereignty, overemphasizes economic and technical cooperation, and that the expected spillover from economic to political cooperation has not consistently occurred.
108
What is the main criticism of functionalism in international relations?
Functionalism is criticized for ignoring power dynamics, as it fails to account for how powerful states can influence international organizations for their own interests.
109
What does Interdependence Liberalism propose about economic ties between countries?
Interdependence Liberalism posits that increased economic, political, and social interdependence among countries decreases the likelihood of conflict.
110
What is the Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention?
The Golden Arches Theory suggests that no two countries with a McDonald's franchise have ever gone to war with each other, implying that economic interdependence reduces conflict likelihood.
111
What is a key limitation of the Golden Arches Theory?
The Golden Arches Theory has been disproven by events such as the 2008 conflict between Russia and Georgia, both of which had McDonald's franchises, illustrating that economic interdependence is not an absolute deterrent to conflict.
112
What does the Trading States Theory suggest about countries focused on economic development?
The Trading States Theory posits that countries focused on economic development and international trade are more inclined toward peaceful relations than military expansion.
113
What is the Trading States theory?
The Trading States theory posits that 'trading states' prefer peaceful economic growth and are less likely to engage in military conflicts, exemplified by the European Union's deep economic integration reducing conflict likelihood among its member states.
114
What is Democratic Peace Theory?
Democratic Peace Theory, developed by Michael Doyle, posits that democracies are less likely to engage in war with each other compared to non-democratic nations, grounded in liberal internationalism and Kantian principles.
115
What are the Kantian roots of Democratic Peace Theory?
The Kantian roots of Democratic Peace Theory are based on Immanuel Kant's essay 'Perpetual Peace', which argues that democracies are inherently more peaceful because citizens who bear the costs of war have a say in its declaration, making them less likely to favor war unless for defensive purposes.
116
What is the 'zone of peace' in Democratic Peace Theory?
The 'zone of peace' refers to the peaceful relations that characterize interactions between democratic states, contrasting with the less peaceful behavior of non-democratic states as posited by Democratic Peace Theory.
117
What criticisms exist regarding the definition of democracy in Democratic Peace Theory?
Critics argue that the definition of democracy is often tailored to fit the theory, suggesting that if a democratic nation goes to war, it may be reclassified as not 'truly democratic' to maintain the theory's validity.
118
What is the correlation vs. causation debate in relation to Democratic Peace Theory?
The correlation vs. causation debate questions whether the strong correlation between democracy and peace is due to democracy itself or other factors, such as economic interdependence or international norms, which might be more significant.
119
How does Democratic Peace Theory address economic interdependence?
Democratic Peace Theory posits that democracies, often economically interdependent, have additional incentives to maintain peace to preserve economic stability and prosperity, which further reduces the likelihood of conflict.
120
What is a criticism regarding transitional democracies in Democratic Peace Theory?
A criticism of Democratic Peace Theory is that it does not adequately address the volatility of transitional democracies, which may be more prone to conflict compared to established democracies.
121
What is Democratic Aggression towards Non-Democracies?
The theory that democratic states tend to engage in military conflicts with non-democratic states, which has been criticized for ignoring this tendency.
122
What does Normative Bias refer to in the context of democratization theory?
The criticism that the theory promotes a view that democratic political structures are universally applicable and desirable, potentially overlooking other governance forms.
123
What is Complex Interdependence Theory?
A theory in international relations developed by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye that challenges traditional realist views by emphasizing the multifaceted and interconnected nature of global relationships.
124
What are the Multiple Channels of Interaction in Complex Interdependence?
The idea that states are not the only international actors; international organizations, multinational corporations, and non-governmental organizations also play significant roles in global relations.
125
What does the Absence of Hierarchy Among Issues mean in Complex Interdependence?
It means that military security is not always the dominant concern in international relations; economic, environmental, and social issues can be equally significant.
126
What is a criticism regarding the Overemphasis on Non-State Actors in Complex Interdependence?
Critics argue that the theory overstates the role of non-state actors and overlooks the enduring importance of state interests, particularly the actions of the United Nations Security Council's permanent members.
127
How does the theory of Complex Interdependence neglect Power Politics?
The theory is critiqued for downplaying the significance of power politics, as states often utilize economic strategies to achieve national interests, exemplified by the U.S.-China trade war.
128
What is the assumption of Peaceful Resolution in Complex Interdependence?
The expectation that conflicts can be resolved through negotiation, which is often contradicted by real-world scenarios, such as military conflicts like the one in Ukraine.
129
What challenges does the COVID-19 pandemic present to Complex Interdependence?
The pandemic highlights the difficulty in discerning and managing the intricate web of global interdependencies, particularly in supply chains and international travel.
130
What is the current state of the liberal world order in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine?
The invasion has galvanized democracies worldwide, leading to unified actions such as imposing sanctions on Russia and increasing military aid to Ukraine, potentially strengthening the liberal order.
131
What are the challenges to democracy as described in the text?
The challenges to democracy include subtle and ambiguous attacks from authoritarian populists within democratic systems, politicization of state bureaucracies, and control of media outlets, which gradually erode democratic norms without overt assaults on democracy.
132
What is the demand for systemic change in Marxist theories of International Relations?
Marxist approaches call for a fundamental overhaul of the existing international system, arguing that the capitalist structures underpinning the global order are inherently exploitative and need to be replaced.
133
How do Marxist theories analyze international politics?
Marxist theories emphasize the primacy of economic factors in international relations, analyzing how economic interests, class struggles, and the dynamics of capitalism influence state behavior and international outcomes.
134
What is the critique of capitalism and class oppression in Marxist theory?
Marxist theory critiques capitalism for perpetuating class oppression and inequality, viewing the international system as a space where capitalist states and multinational corporations exploit less developed countries, leading to dependency and underdevelopment.
135
What does the basis of Marxist theory state about capitalist globalization and instability?
Marx and Engels argued that capitalism would become a global system, creating instability and contradictions within and between nations, as the relentless pursuit of profit and market expansion leads to exploitation and inequality.
136
What is neo-colonialism according to Marxist theorists?
Neo-colonialism refers to the continued economic and political influence of former colonial powers over developing countries, perpetuating dependency and exploitation.
137
What is capitalism and class oppression in Marxist theory?
Marxist theory critiques capitalism for perpetuating class oppression and inequality, viewing the international system as a space where capitalist states and multinational corporations exploit less developed countries, leading to dependency and underdevelopment.
138
What is neo-colonialism according to Marxist theorists?
Neo-colonialism is viewed by Marxist theorists as a form of modern capitalism where powerful capitalist states and corporations exploit the resources and labor of less developed countries, continuing colonial practices through economic means rather than direct political control.
139
How does Marxist theory explain inequality and exploitation in the global capitalist system?
Marxist theory holds that the global capitalist system creates and perpetuates inequality both within nations and internationally, resulting in the exploitation of poorer countries.
140
What is the Instrumentalist/Dependency School?
The Instrumentalist/Dependency School offers critical perspectives on global economic dynamics, focusing on the relationships between developed and developing nations, and emerged as a reaction to Modernization Theory.
141
What are the core concepts of the Dependency School?
Dependency theorists argue that the international economic system is structured to extract wealth from peripheral (less developed) countries to core (developed) countries, leading to a 'development of underdevelopment' in the periphery.
142
How does the Dependency School critique capitalism?
The Dependency School is critical of global capitalism, suggesting it leads to unequal relationships where developed countries exploit the resources and labor of developing countries, keeping them in a dependent position.
143
What is Immanuel Wallerstein's World-Systems Theory?
Wallerstein's World-Systems Theory expands on Dependency Theory, proposing a framework that views the world as a single interconnected system divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions, characterized by a division of labor.
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What are the characteristics of core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries in Wallerstein's theory?
Core countries are economically dominant and exploit peripheral countries; semi-periphery countries exhibit traits of both core and periphery; periphery countries are less developed and exploited for raw materials and labor.
145
What does Wallerstein argue about state sovereignty in the modern world-system?
Wallerstein argues that the notion of absolute state sovereignty is a myth, as states, especially in the periphery, often cannot make independent economic decisions due to their dependencies.
146
What is neo-colonialism according to Dependency theorists?
Dependency theorists view the ongoing economic relationships between former colonial powers and their former colonies as neo-colonialism, where control and exploitation continue through economic means rather than direct political rule.
147
What is the criticism of Dependency and World-Systems theories regarding economic factors?
Critics argue that these theories overly focus on economic relationships at the expense of political, social, and cultural factors.
148
What does the term 'determinism' refer to in the context of Dependency and World-Systems theories?
Determinism refers to the criticism that these theories exhibit economic determinism and fail to account for the agency of developing countries.
149
How do the rise of countries like China and India challenge Dependency and World-Systems theories?
The rise of these countries challenges the notion of a rigid core-periphery division, showing that movement from periphery to emerging or core status is possible, contrary to the static structure suggested by these theories.
150
What is a central theme of the Critical/Frankfurt School's critique?
A central theme is the critique of capitalism and modernity, particularly how they perpetuate domination and inequality.
151
What role do culture and ideology play according to the Frankfurt School theorists?
They emphasize that culture and ideology reinforce power structures and that the culture industry and mass media create a passive and compliant populace, essential for maintaining elite domination.
152
What is Antonio Gramsci's concept of cultural hegemony?
Cultural hegemony refers to the ways in which dominant groups maintain their dominance not just through material forces but also through cultural and ideological consent.
153
How does Gramsci view the role of civil society in establishing hegemony?
Gramsci argued that civil society plays a critical role in establishing hegemony, with intellectuals, media, and educational institutions helping to manufacture consent and legitimize prevailing power structures.
154
What is the significance of counter-hegemony in Gramsci's theory?
Counter-hegemony emphasizes the role of organic intellectuals and political activism in building a culture that challenges the existing order, requiring both political and cultural revolution for transformative change.
155
How do Gramscian theorists analyze global politics?
They analyze how certain norms, ideologies, and practices become dominant in global politics, exploring how international institutions and the spread of Western values establish and maintain global hegemony.
156
What impact do the IMF and World Bank have on developing countries according to Gramscian theory?
The IMF and World Bank significantly impact the economic policies of developing countries through loans and structural adjustment programs, often promoting neoliberal ideologies that primarily benefit core countries and corporations.
157
What is the relevance of Marxist theory in contemporary international relations?
The Marxist approach is crucial for analyzing global politics through economic structures, class dynamics, and capitalism's influence, addressing issues like economic inequality, neo-colonialism, and the role of multinational corporations.
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How does globalization contribute to economic inequality according to Marxist theorists?
Marxist theorists like Thomas Piketty and Joseph Stiglitz examine how capitalist systems foster growing wealth disparities in the globalization era.
159
What is neo-colonialism and how does it relate to global capitalism?
Neo-colonialism refers to practices that exploit developing economies, analyzed by Samir Amin, highlighting the impact of multinational corporations in the context of global capitalism.
160
What does Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory explain about imperialism?
Wallerstein's world-systems theory explores how powerful states and corporations exert economic dominance through institutions like the IMF and World Bank, reflecting modern imperialism.
161
What commonalities exist between Realism and Marxism in international relations?
Both theories focus on power structures, critique idealism, express pessimism towards international cooperation, and employ historical analysis to understand state behavior and interests.
162
How does the feminist approach enrich the understanding of international relations?
The feminist approach, led by scholars like Cynthia Enloe and J. Ann Tickner, examines global politics through a gender lens, highlighting women's roles and the impact of gendered power dynamics.
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What is the significance of a gender lens in international relations according to feminist theorists?
A gender lens is significant as it argues that international relations cannot be fully understood without considering the roles and experiences of women and the interplay of gender with other social factors.
164
What is the significance of Cynthia Enloe's work in feminist international relations?
Cynthia Enloe's seminal work, 'Bananas, Beaches and Bases,' highlights how the international political and economic systems are gendered, emphasizing the importance of understanding gender dynamics in global politics.
165
How do feminist theorists critique traditional international relations theories?
Feminist theorists critique traditional IR theories like Realism and Liberalism for their gender blindness, arguing that these theories often ignore the experiences of women and how gender dynamics shape international politics.
166
What is the concept of intersectionality in feminist international relations?
Intersectionality, as used by Chandra Talpade Mohanty and Kimberlé Crenshaw, explores how gender intersects with other social categories like race, class, and ethnicity, impacting individuals' experiences and roles in international politics.
167
What is the feminist perspective on women, peace, and security?
Feminists emphasize the role of women in conflict and peacebuilding, advocating for their participation in peace negotiations and highlighting the unique impacts of war on women, such as the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war.
168
What does feminist international relations argue regarding the understanding of security?
Feminists argue for a broader understanding of security that goes beyond traditional state-centric and military-focused approaches, emphasizing human security, which includes economic, health, and environmental security, all of which impact women differently.
169
What is the main focus of systems theory in international relations?
Systems theory in IR, developed by Morton Kaplan, views international relations as a system composed of interacting units (states) under anarchy, emphasizing the structure of the international system defined by the distribution of power rather than individual state characteristics.
170
How does systems theory view the international system as a unit of analysis?
Systems theory focuses on the entire international system characterized by the interactions of states and other actors, exemplified by the Cold War's bipolar system, which showed how the USA and USSR dictated global dynamics.
171
What does systems theory emphasize about interdependence in international relations?
Systems theory highlights that entities within the international system are interdependent, where actions by one state can significantly influence the behavior and outcomes of others within the system.
172
What are feedback mechanisms in the context of System Theory in International Relations?
Feedback mechanisms refer to the importance of reactions within the system, where actions provoke responses, exemplified by the Cold War arms race between superpowers.
173
What does the concept of balance and homeostasis imply in System Theory?
Balance and homeostasis suggest a tendency towards equilibrium in the international system, which can be disrupted by internal or external factors, paralleling balance theories in other disciplines.
174
What is the criticism of System Theory regarding the overemphasis on structure?
Critics argue that the focus on structure overlooks the agency of individual actors, as seen in events like the Cuban Missile Crisis where individual decisions significantly influenced outcomes.
175
How does post-colonialism critique Eurocentrism in International Relations?
Post-colonialism challenges Eurocentric perspectives that have traditionally dominated IR, seeking to highlight the experiences and voices of formerly colonized regions.
176
What is the significance of hybridity in post-colonial theory?
Hybridity explores the complex mix of colonizer and colonized cultures, leading to unique syncretic forms, as articulated by theorists like Homi Bhabha.
177
What do subaltern studies focus on in the context of post-colonialism?
Subaltern studies focus on the history and experiences of marginalized and oppressed groups, aiming to recover their voices and perspectives in the narrative of history.
178
What is Neo-Colonialism in the context of post-colonialism?
Neo-Colonialism refers to the continued economic and political influence exerted by former colonial powers over their former colonies, often through economic means.
179
What is a criticism of post-colonialism regarding culture and identity?
Critics argue that post-colonialism may overemphasize cultural and identity issues at the expense of material and economic factors.
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What is a general criticism of post-colonial theory in terms of its application?
Some critics point out that post-colonial theory can be overly broad and ambiguous, making it difficult to apply to specific cases or to develop clear policy implications.
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What is a potential neglect of post-colonialism according to its critics?
While focusing on colonial legacies, post-colonialism might neglect other forms of inequality and oppression, such as gender, class, or race, that are not directly related to colonialism.
