4. Globalization Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What is a global village?
A
A global village refers to the concept of the world being interconnected through technology and communication, making geographical distances less significant and fostering a sense of community among people across the globe.
2
Q
What is neo-liberal globalization?
A
Neo-liberal globalization is an economic approach that emphasizes free markets, deregulation, and reduction in government spending, promoting the idea that economic growth is best achieved through the free market rather than government intervention.
3
Q
What is the impact of globalization on the internal functioning of the state?
A
Globalization impacts the internal functioning of the state by increasing interdependence with other nations, influencing domestic policies, and challenging traditional state sovereignty due to external economic and political pressures.
4
Q
What are the main challenges faced by developing countries in the era of globalization?
A
Developing countries face challenges such as economic inequality, vulnerability to global market fluctuations, loss of local industries, and cultural homogenization due to the pressures of globalization.
5
Q
What is the relevance of the Marxist approach in the context of globalization?
A
The Marxist approach is relevant in the context of globalization as it critiques the capitalist underpinnings of globalization, highlighting issues of exploitation, class struggle, and the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few.
6
Q
How does globalization affect countries of the global south?
A
Globalization affects countries of the global south by creating opportunities for economic growth and development, but also poses risks such as increased dependency on developed nations and challenges to local cultures and economies.
7
Q
What is globalization?
A
Globalization is the process of increasing interdependence and integration among countries through economic, political, social, and cultural exchanges, leading to a more interconnected world.
8
Q
What is political globalization?
A
Political globalization is the process by which political decisions and actions are becoming increasingly international, characterized by the formation of transnational alliances, increased influence of international organizations, and the spread of democracy.
9
Q
What is an example of political globalization?
A
The European Union (EU) is a prime example of political globalization, representing a significant shift in the sovereignty and governance of member states towards a central authority with coordinated foreign policies, a shared economy, and standardized laws.
10
Q
What is socio-cultural globalization?
A
Socio-cultural globalization refers to the spread of ideas, values, norms, practices, and social habits around the world, including the global sharing of knowledge and cultural identities.
11
Q
What is an example of socio-cultural globalization?
A
The global popularity of Hollywood movies and fast-food chains like McDonald’s and Starbucks exemplifies socio-cultural globalization, representing American culture while adapting to local tastes and cultures.
12
Q
What characterizes the first phase of globalization?
A
The first phase of globalization, from the Industrial Revolution to the end of WWI, is characterized by the expansion of world trade and investment, the emergence of global markets, and advancements in transportation.
13
Q
What economic theory explains the specialization of countries in manufacturing?
A
David Ricardo’s theory of Comparative Advantage explains how countries specialize in manufacturing certain goods, boosting international trade.
14
Q
What was a significant economic event during the interwar period?
A
The Great Depression was a significant global economic downturn during the interwar period that hindered international trade and investment.
15
Q
What characterized the second phase of globalization?
A
The second phase of globalization, from the end of WWII to the end of the Cold War, is characterized by the expansion of capitalism, the rise of multinational corporations, and the establishment of international financial institutions.
16
Q
What was the Bretton Woods System?
A
The Bretton Woods System established international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank, promoting monetary stability and reconstruction after WWII.
17
Q
What is the significance of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in globalization?
A
The World Trade Organization (WTO) symbolizes global acceptance of liberal trade policies and is linked to the concept of the world being ‘flat,’ indicating global economic leveling.
18
Q
How did the technological revolution contribute to globalization?
A
The technological revolution, marked by advancements in communication and information technology, spurred a new wave of globalization by reducing barriers and increasing global interconnectivity.
19
Q
What characterizes the 4th Wave of globalization?
A
The 4th Wave of globalization is characterized by the rise of emerging economies like China, India, and Brazil as key drivers of global economic growth, along with advancements in digital technologies and geopolitical realignments.
20
Q
What is the current dominant model of globalization influenced by?
A
The current dominant model of globalization is heavily influenced by neo-liberal ideology, which emphasizes free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduced government intervention in the economy.
21
Q
What critique does Bhikhu Parekh offer regarding the present model of globalization?
A
Bhikhu Parekh criticizes the present model of globalization for being imposed from the top without engaging in a ‘civilization dialogue,’ advocating for a more inclusive approach that respects diverse cultural perspectives.
22
Q
What are the discontents against globalization highlighted by Joseph Stiglitz?
A
Joseph Stiglitz highlights that while globalization has the potential for significant economic growth, its benefits have been unevenly distributed, leading to discontent among various groups.
23
Q
What is the socialist idea of proletariat internationalism?
A
The socialist idea of proletariat internationalism emphasizes solidarity among the working class across national boundaries, advocating for globalization that prioritizes the needs and rights of workers and aims for a more equitable distribution of resources and wealth.
24
Q
What does the Vedic idea of Vasudhaiv Kutumbukam represent in globalization?
A
The Vedic idea of Vasudhaiv Kutumbukam translates to ‘the world is one family’ and suggests a form of globalization based on mutual respect, compassion, and the understanding that all of humanity is interconnected, promoting peace, harmony, and sustainable development.
25
How does Buddhism contribute to the concept of globalization?
Buddhism promotes a globalization of compassion and non-violence, focusing on conquering hearts through love, empathy, and understanding rather than territorial or economic domination, emphasizing moral and ethical considerations in global interactions.
26
What is the significance of the Islamic Caliphate in globalization?
The idea of an Islamic Caliphate seeks to unite the Muslim community (Ummah) across the globe under a single political and religious leadership, highlighting the role of faith and religious values in shaping visions of global unity and governance.
27
What is the liberal perspective on globalization?
The liberal perspective on globalization champions it as a catalyst for economic growth, democratic spread, and cultural exchange, linking economic globalization with the promotion of democratic values and human rights.
28
What do hyperglobalists believe about economic integration?
Hyperglobalists view the global economy as increasingly integrated, arguing that national borders are becoming less relevant in the face of global trade, investment, and capital flows, moving towards a borderless global marketplace.
29
What is the European Union (EU) and how does it relate to economic globalization?
The European Union (EU) represents a significant move towards economic integration, with member states sharing a common market and currency (the euro for many of its members), supporting the hyperglobalist view that economic forces are leading to a more interconnected global economy.
30
What is the hyperglobalist perspective on political changes due to globalization?
The hyperglobalist perspective suggests that globalization diminishes the power and sovereignty of nation-states, as global institutions and multinational corporations gain more influence, regulating global issues beyond the reach of individual governments.
31
How does Thomas Friedman describe the impact of technological advancements on globalization?
Thomas Friedman argues that technological advancements have leveled the global playing field, allowing people from all over the world to compete economically on an equal footing, effectively 'flattening' the world and making it more interconnected and interdependent.
32
What role does the World Trade Organization (WTO) play in the context of globalization?
The World Trade Organization (WTO) exemplifies how international institutions can have a profound impact on national policies and sovereignty, aligning with the hyperglobalist perspective on the decline of nation-state power through its global trade rules and dispute resolution system.
33
What is cultural homogenization in the context of globalization?
Cultural homogenization refers to the worldwide spread of cultures, often leading to the dominance of Western cultures at the expense of local identities and traditions, as illustrated by the global presence of brands like McDonald's and Coca-Cola.
34
What do skeptics of globalization argue regarding the current level of global integration?
Skeptics argue that economic globalization is not a new phenomenon and that the current level of global integration is not unprecedented, pointing to historical periods of high global economic integration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
35
What is the skeptical perspective on globalization?
The skeptical perspective emphasizes the importance of regional blocs and trade agreements, suggesting that much of what is considered global trade is actually regional, highlighting the dominance of trade within regions such as North America, Europe, and East Asia.
36
How do skeptics view the power of nation-states in the context of globalization?
Skeptics maintain that nation-states remain powerful and central actors in the global system, controlling economic policies, protecting their industries through tariffs and regulations, and managing their economies and societies.
37
What are the inequalities and exclusions highlighted by skeptical theorists regarding globalization?
Skeptical theorists focus on the uneven and unequal nature of globalization, pointing out that benefits and costs are distributed unevenly across and within countries, exacerbating inequalities with wealth accumulating in certain regions while others are left behind.
38
How do skeptics view cultural diversity in the context of globalization?
Skeptics argue that cultural diversity persists and local identities strengthen in the face of global cultural flows, with local cultures actively engaging with and transforming global influences, leading to hybrid cultural forms rather than uniformity.
39
What is the transformationalist theory of globalization?
The transformationalist theory offers a nuanced middle ground between hyperglobalists and skeptics, focusing on how globalization is transforming state and societal activities in unprecedented and complex ways, emphasizing its dynamic and ongoing nature.
40
What critiques do skeptics have regarding technological determinism in globalization?
Skeptics like Manuel Castells challenge the notion that technology inevitably drives globalization, suggesting that political, economic, and social factors significantly shape technological adoption and impact, indicating that technology is not a uniform driver of global integration.
41
What is State Transformation in the context of globalization?
State Transformation refers to the belief that the role of the state is being fundamentally redefined in response to globalization, as states adapt by renegotiating their powers and functions, engaging in global governance mechanisms, and enhancing their roles within certain domains.
42
What does Economic Reconfiguration imply in transformationalist theory?
Economic Reconfiguration implies that global economic integration leads to a reconfiguration of national economies rather than their diminishment, emphasizing the changing nature of work, production, and capital flows, resulting in more interconnected economies in complex and uneven ways.
43
How do transformationalists view Cultural Interconnectivity?
Transformationalists view Cultural Interconnectivity as a dynamic process of interaction and fusion where cultures influence each other, leading to the creation of new cultural forms, contrasting with the ideas of cultural homogenization or persistent cultural diversity.
44
What is the significance of Technological Impact in globalization according to transformationalists?
The significance of Technological Impact in globalization is that technology is a key driver of globalization, with its effects being mediated by social, economic, and political contexts, enabling new forms of social interaction and organizational structures.
45
What concerns do transformationalists have regarding Global Inequalities?
Transformationalists are concerned with the inequalities produced by globalization, focusing on how these inequalities are transformed, highlighting that globalization can both exacerbate and mitigate disparities depending on management and regulation.
46
What does the Marxist theory of globalization emphasize?
The Marxist theory of globalization emphasizes the expansion of global capitalism, focusing on class struggle, exploitation, and the concentration of capital, viewing globalization as a phase driven by the need for capital accumulation and expansion.
47
How do Marxists link globalization to Imperialism?
Marxists link globalization to Imperialism by arguing that developed nations exploit developing countries through economic dominance, involving resource extraction, exploitation of cheap labor, and the imposition of unequal economic agreements.
48
What is the concept of 'accumulation by dispossession' in Marxist theory?
Accumulation by dispossession refers to the process by which the capitalist class accumulates wealth by dispossessing public and private entities of their wealth or land, as discussed by David Harvey.
49
How does Wallerstein's world-systems theory complement Marxist analysis?
Wallerstein's world-systems theory describes the global economy as a complex system divided into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries, with wealth flowing from the periphery to the core, thus perpetuating global inequalities.
50
What is the role of cultural imperialism in globalization from a post-colonial perspective?
Cultural imperialism in globalization refers to the spread of Western values, lifestyles, and media that marginalizes local cultures and identities, leading to cultural homogenization and the subordination of non-Western cultures.
51
How do post-colonial theorists view the continuity of colonial structures in contemporary globalization?
Post-colonial theorists argue that contemporary globalization processes are deeply rooted in colonial expansion and exploitation, replicating patterns of domination and dependency established during the colonial era.
52
What does the post-colonial perspective say about economic inequality and exploitation in globalization?
The post-colonial perspective highlights continued economic exploitation and inequality between the Global North and Global South, pointing out that global trade and financial systems often favor developed nations, perpetuating disparities from the colonial period.
53
What is the significance of resistance and hybridity in the post-colonial perspective on globalization?
Resistance and hybridity in the post-colonial perspective celebrate the agency of formerly colonized societies to resist and reinterpret Western cultural practices, creating new, syncretic forms of culture that challenge dominant narratives.
54
What is the significance of reclaiming identity and sovereignty in post-colonial theory?
Reclaiming identity and sovereignty emphasizes the importance of decolonizing knowledge, economies, and societies, and calls for a reevaluation of global structures to create a more equitable world order that respects cultural diversity.
55
How does Frantz Fanon's work contribute to the understanding of globalization?
Frantz Fanon's works analyze the psychological and social impacts of colonialism, providing insights into the dynamics of power and resistance relevant to understanding globalization.
56
What does Edward Said's concept of Orientalism reveal about Western perceptions of the East?
Edward Said's concept of Orientalism reveals that Western perceptions of the East have been constructed through a lens of superiority and otherness, critiquing the cultural dimensions of globalization.
57
What is Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's critique regarding subaltern voices in globalization?
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak critiques the marginalization of voices from the Global South in global discourse, highlighting the need for genuine engagement with subaltern perspectives.
58
What is Kenichi Ohmae's perspective on globalization and national boundaries?
Kenichi Ohmae describes a 'Borderless World' where traditional national boundaries become irrelevant due to global economic operations, exemplified by multinational corporations.
59
How does Marshall McLuhan's concept of the global village relate to modern communication technologies?
Marshall McLuhan's concept of the global village illustrates the compression of space and time through modern communication technologies, enabling instant communication and information sharing worldwide.
60
What does Thomas Friedman mean by the integration of markets, nation-states, and technology in globalization?
Thomas Friedman characterizes globalization as the integration of markets, nation-states, and technology, leading to interactions that are 'farther, faster, cheaper, deeper.'
61
What is the critique of globalization presented by Arundhati Roy?
Arundhati Roy critiques globalization as a 'self-serving myth' and depicts neoliberal capitalism as a new form of colonialism, highlighting the dominance of Western corporations.
62
What do Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur mean by globalization's 'soft belly'?
Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur describe globalization's 'soft belly' as its vulnerabilities and inequalities, particularly regarding the concentration of wealth and opportunities in the West.
63
What is the argument made by Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson regarding the international economy?
They argue that the international economy is less open now, with trade and financial flows largely restricted to the West, and that regional trade agreements indicate internationalization and regionalization rather than true global integration.
64
What do Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur mean by globalization's 'soft belly'?
They describe globalization's 'soft belly' as its vulnerabilities and inequalities, particularly regarding the concentration of wealth and opportunities in the West.
65
What is the argument made by Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson regarding the international economy?
They argue that the international economy is less open now, with trade and financial flows largely restricted to the West.
66
What does the digital divide illustrate about globalization?
The digital divide highlights that while global interconnectedness has increased, its benefits and impacts are unevenly distributed, leaving parts of the developing world further behind.
67
How does Jagdish Bhagwati view the impact of globalization on economic growth?
He argues that globalization contributes to economic growth, reduces poverty, and enhances living standards through the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders.
68
What is Pankaj Ghemawat's 'CAGE' framework in relation to globalization?
The 'CAGE' framework considers Cultural, Administrative, Geographic, and Economic distances, suggesting that globalization facilitates cultural exchange and enhances global understanding.
69
What does Thomas Friedman's 'The World is Flat' theory suggest about globalization?
It posits that globalization levels the playing field in commerce, allowing businesses and individuals from developing countries to leapfrog into innovation due to access to new technologies and markets.
70
What is a major criticism of globalization according to Joseph Stiglitz?
He argues that globalization has exacerbated income and wealth inequalities both within and between countries, often resulting in wealthier nations exploiting poorer ones.
71
What is a concern regarding cultural impacts of globalization?
Critics contend that globalization leads to cultural homogenization, threatening local cultures and identities.
72
What is the theory of Cultural Imperialism?
The theory suggests that dominant cultures, particularly through global media and multinational corporations, impose their values and practices on others, eroding local cultures and traditions.
73
How does globalization contribute to environmental degradation?
Globalization has been linked to environmental degradation through increased consumption, pollution, and natural resource depletion.
74
What is the Race to the Bottom theory in the context of globalization?
The theory suggests that globalization encourages countries to reduce labor and environmental standards to attract foreign investment, often at the expense of workers' rights and conditions.
75
What are the concerns regarding loss of national sovereignty due to globalization?
Critics argue that globalization undermines national sovereignty, with international corporations and trade agreements influencing domestic policies.
76
What is the concept of a 'global village'?
The concept describes the phenomenon of the world becoming more interconnected, with distances between nations and people feeling smaller due to advancements in technology.
77
What does Edward Said's post-colonial critique emphasize regarding cultural globalization?
It emphasizes how cultural globalization perpetuates Western dominance and critiques the Eurocentric nature of global governance institutions.
78
What insights did Christine Lagarde provide regarding market-driven globalization?
She acknowledged rising inequalities as a significant vulnerability of market-driven globalization, suggesting the need for a recalibration of globalization processes.
79
How does Pratap Bhanu Mehta view globalization in relation to electoral choices?
He discusses the shift in anti-globalization sentiment from the Global South to the working class in the North, highlighting its impact on electoral choices.
80
What is the significance of media platforms in the context of globalization?
Media platforms allow real-time communication across the globe, making information and news accessible instantaneously.
81
How does cultural exchange contribute to globalization?
Cultural exchange leads to a significant exchange of cultural practices, ideas, values, and norms among different societies.
82
What is economic interdependence in the context of globalization?
It refers to the interconnectedness of economies, where trade, investment, and financial markets are closely linked.
83
What does increased mobility signify in the global context?
It signifies the ease of travel and migration, resulting in a more mobile global population.
84
How has digitalization impacted daily life in the context of globalization?
Digitalization has facilitated or dictated many aspects of daily life and work, including e-commerce and online education.
85
What role do technological advancements play in the growth of the global village?
Technological advancements have been primary drivers in shrinking distances and fostering global interactions.
86
How has economic globalization influenced global trade?
It has promoted global trade and multinational corporations through the liberalization of trade and investment policies.
87
What political changes have contributed to globalization?
Political changes, such as the end of the Cold War and the opening up of many economies, have facilitated a more interconnected global political landscape.
88
What is the impact of cultural dynamics on globalization?
Cultural dynamics have contributed to a shared global culture.
89
How did the COVID-19 pandemic illustrate the interconnectedness of the global village?
It demonstrated the interconnectedness and vulnerabilities of the global village.
90
What do global social movements like #MeToo and Black Lives Matter signify in the context of globalization?
They show how social issues can gain global attention and solidarity through digital platforms.
91
What was the significance of the 2008 global financial crisis in understanding economic interdependence?
It highlighted how economic activities in one part of the world can have a ripple effect globally.
92
How does Manuel Castells' theory of the 'network society' relate to the global village?
It emphasizes how digital networks shape social, political, and economic processes.
93
What does the global popularity of non-Western media content indicate about cultural exchange?
It exemplifies the two-way cultural exchange that characterizes the global village.
94
What challenges does globalization face in the current era?
Globalization faces significant challenges and transformations influenced by political science perspectives.
95
What is the shift towards Multipolarity in globalization?
It refers to the transition from a unipolar world order to a more multipolar world.
96
What does Dani Rodrik's 'trilemma' of globalization outline?
It outlines the difficulty of balancing deep economic integration with national sovereignty and democracy.
97
How do technological changes and digitalization impact globalization?
They reshape globalization by creating new forms of economic and social organization.
98
What is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its significance?
It is China's effort to enhance global connectivity through infrastructure projects.
99
What challenges does China's economic slowdown pose for its global leadership?
It raises questions about its ability to sustain global leadership.
100
What is the 'Beijing Consensus' and its implications for global governance?
It is China's proposed alternative development model advocating for a multipolar world order.
101
What are the concerns associated with China's Digital Silk Road?
It raises concerns about data security and digital sovereignty.
102
What is the concept of 'universalisation' of capitalist modernity in globalization?
It refers to the spread and influence of capitalist modernity across the globe.
103
What does Immanuel Wallerstein's World-Systems Theory propose about globalization?
It argues that globalization is the expansion and deepening of the capitalist world-economy.
104
How does David Harvey's concept of time-space compression relate to globalization?
It suggests that the global spread of capitalism is characterized by an acceleration of economic activities.
105
What are hybridization and glocalization in the context of globalization critiques?
They refer to the processes where global and local cultures intermingle.
106
What do postcolonial critiques of globalization emphasize?
They emphasize how historical colonial relationships shape contemporary global interactions.
107
What is the idea of multiple modernities in relation to globalization?
It suggests that non-Western societies may undergo modernization processes that do not replicate the Western model.
108
How does the rise of state capitalism in China challenge neoliberal economic policies?
It presents an alternative to neoliberal economic policies.
109
What role do resistance and social movements play in the context of globalization?
They highlight resistance to the universalisation of capitalist practices.
110
What is digital globalization and its significance?
It refers to the rapid growth of digital technologies and the internet.
111
What is the perspective of Hyperglobalists on globalization and state sovereignty?
They argue that globalization leads to a decline in state sovereignty.
112
How do Skeptics view the impact of globalization on state power?
They challenge the notion that globalization significantly erodes state power.
113
What do Transformationalists propose regarding the role of the state in the context of globalization?
They propose that globalization transforms state functions rather than diminishing them.
114
How has globalization affected economic policy sovereignty in developing countries?
It has compelled states to adjust their economic policies in line with global market demands.
115
What are the implications of globalization on social welfare and inequality?
It has led to significant economic growth but also increased inequality within states.
116
How does globalization influence political governance and democracy?
The global flow of information and ideas empowers civil society and transnational advocacy networks.
117
What challenges do states face regarding national identity and cultural homogenization due to globalization?
States navigate the challenge of preserving cultural heritage while embracing global diversity.
118
What is an example of how trade agreements reflect the balance between state sovereignty and global economic integration?
The negotiation of trade agreements like the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) reflects how states must balance sovereignty with the demands of global economic integration.
119
What is Digital Sovereignty?
It refers to the efforts by states to assert control over digital space and protect citizens' data privacy.
120
What does the Paris Agreement represent in terms of Environmental Governance?
It represents how states are collaborating on global environmental issues.
121
What is Dependency Theory in the context of globalization?
It posits that globalization perpetuates economic dependency and exploitative relationships between the Global North and South.
122
How does globalization contribute to Cultural Erosion in the Global South?
It undermines local cultures and traditions through the dominance of Western consumer culture.
123
What are the environmental concerns associated with globalization in the Global South?
They include environmental degradation from resource extraction, deforestation, and waste dumping.
124
What is the impact of neoliberal policies on the Global South?
They have been contentious, often leading to debates about their effects on state sovereignty.
125
What are structural adjustment programs?
They are economic policies imposed on developing countries by international financial institutions.
126
What is the digital divide?
It refers to the disparities in access to information technology and the internet.
127
What does Dependency Theory argue?
It argues that the development of nations is a relational process where some countries benefit at the expense of others.
128
How does globalization contribute to trade imbalances?
It can contribute to trade imbalances as developing nations often export raw materials and import finished goods.
129
What is the impact of globalization on income inequality?
It has been linked to increasing income inequality within countries.
130
What is cultural erosion in the context of globalization?
It refers to the undermining of local cultures and traditions due to the spread of global culture.
131
What does the Tragedy of the Commons illustrate?
It illustrates how collective global consumption can lead to unsustainable exploitation of shared resources.
132
What is the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)?
It acknowledges that developing nations are more vulnerable to climate change impacts despite contributing less to global emissions.
133
What does Susan Strange's theory of the retreat of the state suggest?
It suggests that globalization leads to a diffusion of authority away from national governments.
134
What challenges do developing countries face in implementing global standards?
Developing countries often struggle with capacity, resources, and alignment with international norms.
135
What is the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)?
The principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) acknowledges that developing nations are more vulnerable to climate change impacts despite contributing less to global emissions, emphasizing the need for differentiated responsibilities in international environmental agreements.
136
What does Susan Strange's theory of the retreat of the state suggest?
Susan Strange's theory of the retreat of the state suggests that globalization leads to a diffusion of authority away from national governments, limiting the policy autonomy of developing countries.
137
What challenges do developing countries face in implementing global standards?
Developing countries face challenges in implementing global standards due to the resource-intensive nature of adhering to international agreements, which can strain their governance capacities.
138
What is the Digital Divide?
The Digital Divide refers to the gap in access to information technology between developed and developing countries, which can hinder the latter's participation in the global economy.
139
How does the debt crisis in countries like Zambia and Sri Lanka relate to global financial integration?
The debt crisis in countries like Zambia and Sri Lanka highlights the risks associated with global financial integration and the challenges of managing external debt within a volatile global economy.
140
What are the interconnected challenges faced by developing countries in the era of globalization?
The challenges faced by developing countries in the era of globalization are interconnected and require holistic approaches that consider economic stability, social equity, environmental sustainability, and governance capacity.
141
What role does the global community play in addressing the challenges of developing countries?
The global community plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of developing countries by emphasizing the need for international cooperation, fair trade practices, and support for sustainable development initiatives.
142
What vulnerabilities of developing countries were underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic?
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the vulnerabilities of developing countries in the global system, including vaccine access inequities and economic disruptions.
