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RT 206 > 3. Radiation Energy Transfer > Flashcards

3. Radiation Energy Transfer Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Energy emitted and transferred through space

A

Radiation

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2
Q

is any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts

A

Ionizing Radiation

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3
Q

the transport of energy through space as a combination of electric and
magnetic fields

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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4
Q

high-energy waves that can travel great
distances at the speed of light and
generally have a great ability to
penetrate other materials

A

Gamma rays and X-rays

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5
Q

consists of particles that have mass and energy,

and may or may not have an electric charge

A

Particulate Radiation

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6
Q

Particulate Radiation includes:

A
  • Alpha particles
  • Beta particles
  • Neutrons
  • Protons
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7
Q

are emitted from the nuclei of very heavy elements during the process of radioactive decay

A

Alpha particles / Alpha rays

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8
Q

contain 2 protons and 2 neutrons

A

Alpha particles / Alpha rays

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9
Q

virtually harmless as an external source of radiation, however as an internal source, can be very damaging

A

Alpha particles / Alpha rays

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10
Q

identical to high-speed

electrons except for their origin

A

Beta particles/ Beta rays

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11
Q

are emitted from the

nuclei of radioactive atoms

A

Beta particles/ Beta rays

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12
Q

light particles that carry one unit of

negative charge

A

Beta particles/ Beta rays

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13
Q

high-speed nuclear particles that have
an exceptional ability to penetrate other
materials

A

Neutrons

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14
Q

can make objects radioactive

A

Neutrons

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15
Q

Neutrons can make objects radioactive in the processed called

A

Neutron Activation

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16
Q

According to the _____, for a cell to die after radiation exposure, its
target molecule must be inactivated

A

Target Theory

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17
Q

is the target molecule or is the critical molecular target

A

DNA

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18
Q

describes cell lethality and nonlethal

radiation induced cell abnormalities

A

Target Theory

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19
Q

Cell Survival Kinetics

A
  • Single-Target, Single-Hit Model

- Multiple-Target, Single-Hit Model

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20
Q

The cell survival kinetics that occurs on humans

A

Multiple-Target, Single-Hit Model

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21
Q

applies to biologic targets such as enzymes, virus, and simple cells

A

Single-Target, Single-Hit Model

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22
Q

applies to complicated biologic systems

A

Multiple-Target, Single-Hit Model

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23
Q

interaction occurs on DNA molecule

A

Direct Effect

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24
Q

interaction occurs to a noncritical molecule which then

transfers the energy of ionization to the target molecule

A

Indirect Effect

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25
Most common effect
Indirect Effect
26
results in the formation of ions and free radicals
Radiolysis of Water
27
damaging effects/outputs of radiolysis of water
Hydrogen Peroxide, | Hydroperoxyl
28
is an uncharged molecule that contains a single unpaired electron in its outermost or valence shell, which makes it chemically unstable and highly reactive
Free Radical
29
Dissociation of water into other molecular products as a result of irradiation
Radiolysis of Water
30
OH*
hydroxyl free radical
31
H*
hydrogen radical
32
is poisonous to the cell and therefore acts as a toxic agent
Hydrogen Peroxide
33
along with hydrogen peroxide, is considered to be the principal damaging product after the radiolysis of water
Hydroperoxyl
34
is regarded to be the area of the cell that contains the | target molecule
Target
35
A hit is not simply an ionizing event but rather an ionization that _____ the target molecule
inactivates
36
Radiation is energy given off by matter in the form of
rays or high-speed particles
37
All matter is composed of ____
atoms
38
Atoms are made up of various parts; the _____ contains minute particles called _____, and the atom's outer shell contains other particles called _____
nucleus, protons and neutrons, electrons
39
The nucleus carries a ____ electrical charge, while the electrons carry a ____ electrical charge
positive, | negative
40
One form of radiation is pure energy with no weight
Electromagnetic radiation
41
is like vibrating or pulsating rays or "waves" of electrical and magnetic energy
Electromagnetic radiation
42
include sunlight (cosmic radiation), x-rays, radar, and radio waves
Electromagnetic radiation
43
is tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass (weight)
Particle radiation
44
positively charged
Alpha particles
45
negatively charged
Beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays
46
radon-220 half-life
seconds
47
thorium-232 half-life
million of years
48
One particularly notable fissile material is
uranium-235
49
In some elements, the nucleus can split as a result of absorbing an additional neutron, through a process called ______. Such elements are called _____
nuclear fission, | fissile materials
50
includes visible light, heat, radar, microwaves, and radio waves
Non-ionizing radiation
51
This type of radiation deposits energy in the materials through which it passes, but it does not have sufficient energy to break molecular bonds or remove electrons from atoms
Non-ionizing radiation
52
are charged particles, which are emitted from naturally occurring materials (such as uranium, thorium, and radium) and man-made elements (such as plutonium and americium)
Alpha Particles
53
example of gamma rays
cobalt-60
54
can travel great distances in air and require very thick hydrogen-containing materials (such as concrete or water) to block them
Neutrons
55
IONIZATION
H2O + irradiation → HOH+ + e−
56
ADDITIONAL IONIZATION
H2O + e− → HOH−
57
DISSOCIATION
HOH+ → H+ + HO* | HOH− → OH− + H*
58
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
OH* + OH* → H2O2
59
HYDROPEROXYL FORMATION
H* + O2 → HO*2
60
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FORMATION
HO*2 + HO*2 → H2O2 + O2
61
are unstable and therefore exist with | a lifetime of less than 1 ms
Free radicals
62
When a hit occurs through indirect effect, the size of the target appears considerably ____ because of the mobility of the free radicals
larger
63
In the presence of oxygen the indirect effect is _____, and the volume of action for low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation is _____
amplified, | enlarged
64
The effective volume of action for high LET radiation remains _____, in that maximum injury will have been inflicted by direct effect
unchanged
65
When oxygen is added to the system and high-LET radiation is used, the added sphere of influence for each ionizing event, although somewhat larger, does ___ result in additional hits
not
66
The lethal effects of radiation are determined by | observing ____, not ____
cell survival, | not cell death
67
At very low radiation doses, cell survival is nearly
100%
68
As the radiation dose increases, _____ cells survive because more sustain a hit in both target molecules
fewer

RT 206 (9 decks)

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