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RT 206 > 5.1 Biologic Effects of Radiation > Flashcards

5.1 Biologic Effects of Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Dose-Response Relationship also referred to as

A

Dose-Response Curve

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2
Q

is a graphical
relationship between observed effects (response) from radiation
and dose of radiation received

A

Dose-Response Relationship

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3
Q

these are used to design therapeutic treatment routines for

cancer and provide the basis for radiation management activities

A

Dose-Response Relationship

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4
Q

means that an observed response is directly proportional

to the dose

A

Linear

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5
Q

means that an observed response is not directly

proportional to the dose

A

Nonlinear

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6
Q

assumes that there is a radiation level reached below which

there would be no effects observed

A

Threshold

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7
Q

point at which biologic response to an increasing stimulation
first occurs

A

Threshold

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8
Q

assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect

A

Nonthreshold

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9
Q

are those biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that
exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect does not
normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic
damage increases as the dose increases

A

Deterministic Effects

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10
Q

are nonthreshold, randomly occurring biologic somatic changes
in which the chance of occurrence of the effect rather than the
severity of the effect is proportional to the dose of ionizing
radiation

A

Stochastic

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11
Q

Deterministic Effects:

Acute Radiation Syndrome

A
  1. Hematologic Syndrome
  2. Gastrointestinal Syndrome
  3. Central Nervous System Syndrome
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12
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Prodromal

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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13
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Latent

A

None

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14
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Hematologic

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,

anemia, leukopenia, hemorrhage, fever, infection

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15
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Gastrointestinal

A

Same as hematologic plus electrolyte imbalance,

lethargy, fatigue, shock

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16
Q

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

Central Nervous System

A

Same as gastrointestinal plus ataxia, edema, system vasculitis, meningitis

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17
Q

Approximate Dose for Prodromal

A

> 1 Gyt

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18
Q

Approximate Dose for Latent

A

1-100 Gyt

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19
Q

Approximate Dose for Hematologic

A

2-10 Gyt

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20
Q

Approximate Dose for Gastrointestinal

A

10-50 Gyt

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21
Q

Approximate Dose for Central Nervous System

A

> 50 Gyt

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22
Q

Mean Survival Time (Days) for Prodromal

A

none

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23
Q

Mean Survival Time (Days) for Latent

A

none

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24
Q

Mean Survival Time (Days) for Hematologic

A

10-60

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25
Mean Survival Time (Days) for Gastrointestinal
4-10
26
Mean Survival Time (Days) for Central Nervous System
0-3
27
Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) : | Response Stages
1. Prodromal Period 2. Latent Period 3. Manifest Illness Stage 4. Recovery or Death
28
At radiation doses >1 Gyt (100 rad), signs and symptoms of | radiation sickness may appear within minutes to hours
Prodromal Period
29
Symptoms of early radiation sickness are often nausea, | vomiting, diarrhea, and leukopenia
Prodromal Period
30
This period may last from a few hours to a couple of days
Prodromal Period
31
The severity of the symptoms is dose related; the higher the | dose, the shorter the period
Prodromal Period
32
Prodromal Symptoms of 1.2 Gy (120 rads)
Anorexia
33
Prodromal Symptoms of 1.7 Gy (170 rads)
Nausea
34
Prodromal Symptoms of 2.1 Gy (210 rads)
Vomiting
35
Prodromal Symptoms of 2.4 Gy (240 rads)
Diarrhea
36
A period of well-being
Latent Period
37
is sometimes | mistakenly thought to indicate an early recovery from a moderate radiation dose
Latent Period
38
extends from hours or less (at doses in | excess of 50 Gyt) to weeks (at doses from 1 to 5 Gyt)
Latent Period
39
During this period, the patient is noticeably ill, showing signs and symptoms of the specific syndrome reflecting the organ system which is damaged
Manifest Illness Stage
40
Lasts from minutes to weeks, depending on dose
Manifest Illness Stage
41
is characterized by a reduction | in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
Hematologic Syndrome
42
Radiation doses in the range of approximately 2 to 10 Gyt | 200–1000 rad
Hematologic Syndrome
43
Hematologic Syndrome: | Prodromal period
–occurs in a matter of few hours and may persist for several | days post exposure
44
Hematologic Syndrome: | Latent period
can extend up to 4 weeks
45
–is characterized by possible vomiting, mild diarrhea, body malaise, lethargy, and fever. Each type of blood cell then follows a characteristic pattern of depletion –If the dose is not lethal, recovery begins in 2-4 weeks, may require up to 6 mos for full recovery –If the radiation injury is severe enough, it could lead to death. Just before death, hemorrhage and dehydration may be pronounced.
Hematologic Syndrome: | Manifest Illness period
46
Radiation doses of approximately 10 to 50 Gyt (1000–5000 | rad)
Gastrointestinal Syndrome
47
Gastrointestinal Syndrome: Prodromal period
Symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea occur within hours of | exposure and persist for hours up to a day
48
Gastrointestinal Syndrome: Latent period
3 to 5 days
49
begins with a second wave of nausea and vomiting followed by diarrhea, then gets anorexic and lethargic. The diarrhea persists and becomes more severe, leading to loose and then watery and bloody stools. Supportive therapy cannot prevent the rapid progression of symptoms that ultimately leads to death within 4 to 10 days of exposure.
Gastrointestinal Syndrome: Manifest Illness period
50
Radiation doses in excess of 50 Gyt (5000 rad)
Central Nervous System
51
characterized by increased intracranial pressure, inflammatory changes in the blood vessels of the brain (vasculitis), and inflammation of the meninges (meningitis)
Central Nervous System
52
Central Nervous System: | Prodromal period
The patient may become extremely nervous and confused, may describe a burning sensation in the skin, may lose vision, and can even lose consciousness within the first hour
53
Central Nervous System: | Latent period
Lasts up to 12 hours
54
Symptoms of the prodromal stage return but are more severe. The person becomes disoriented; loses muscle coordination; has difficulty breathing; may go into convulsive seizures; experiences loss of equilibrium, ataxia, and lethargy; lapses into a coma; and dies
Central Nervous System: | Manifest Illness period
55
the whole body radiation dose that causes 50% of irradiated subjects to die within 60 days
LD 50/60
56
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Pig
2.5
57
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Dog
2.8
58
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Human
3.5
59
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Guinea pig
4.3
60
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Monkey
4.8
61
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Opossum
5.1
62
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Mouse
6.2
63
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Goldfish
7.0
64
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Hamster
7.0
65
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Rat
7.1
66
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Rabbit
7.3
67
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Gerbil
10.5
68
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Turtle
15
69
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Armadilo
20
70
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Newt
30
71
LD 50/60 (Gyt) of Cockroach
100
72
As the whole-body radiation dose increases, the average time between exposure and death decreases
Mean Survival Time
73
All organs and body tissues can be affected by partial body | irradiation and result in cell death
Local Tissue Damage
74
Tissue response depends on its radiosensitivity, reproduction, and maturation rates
Local Tissue Damage
75
Local Tissue Damage common parts
Skin, Gonads, Bone Marrow
76
reduction in size of cell, organ or tissue
Atrophy
77
Skin consist of 3 layers:
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
78
Skin cells are replaced at the rate of | approx ___ per day
2%
79
sunburn-like reddening of | the skin
Erythema
80
shedding of outer | layer of skin
Desquamation
81
defined as the received quantity of radiation that causes | diffuse redness over an area of skin after irradiation
Skin Erythema Dose
82
skin erythema dose required to affect 50% of those | irradiated (SED50) is about _____
5 Gyt (500 rad)
83
If epidermis is exposed to ____ doses, it will heal by regenerating
moderate
84
Skin damage extreme manifestations include:
atrophy fibrosis, changes in | pigmentation, ulcers, necrosis (tissue death), and cancer may occur
85
Hair follicles are ______
radiosensitive
86
Sebaceous and sweat glands are ______
radioresistant
87
loss of hair
Epilation
88
temporary hair loss
Alopecia
89
Threshold dose (Gyt) of Early transient erythema
2
90
Threshold dose (Gyt) of main erythema
6
91
Threshold dose (Gyt) of temporary epilation
3
92
Threshold dose (Gyt) of permanent epilation
7
93
Threshold dose (Gyt) of moist desquamation
15
94
Potential Radiation Response illness order
1. Early transient 2. Main Erythema 3. Temporary epilation 4. Permanent epilation 5. Moist desquamation
95
Early Effects on Skin
- Erythema - Inflammation - Dry Desquamation - Moist desquamation
96
Late Effects on Skin
- Atrophy - Fibrosis - Hyper-/hypo-pigmentation - Ulceration - Necrosis - Cancer
97
Effect on Accessory Structures of Skin
- Epilation | - Destruction of sweat and sebaceous glands
98
The lens of the eye contain ______ cells that may be damaged by radiation
radiosensitive
99
formation of cataracts due to radiation exposure
Radiation cataractogenesis
100
The threshold dose for radiation-induced cataracts is approx _____, at doses _____ all irradiated will develop cataracts
``` 200 rad (2 Gy), >700rad (7 Gy) ```
101
Human gonads are extremely ______
radiosensitive
102
In females, Doses as low as ___ have caused observable responses
10 rad
103
As gonads create ____ cells that control fertility and heredity, their response to irradiation has been analyzed thoroughly
germ
104
doses as low as ____ may delay or suppress | menstration
100 mGy (10 rad)
105
In both male and females, approx 2 Gy (200 rad) results in
temporary infertility
106
In both male and females, approx 5 Gy (500 rad) results in
permanent sterility
107
In males, doses as low as ____ can reduce number of spermatozoa
100 mGy (10 rad)
108
consists of bone marrow, circulating | blood, and lymphoid tissue
hemopoietic system
109
the principal effect of radiation is a decrease in number of | blood cells in the circulating peripheral blood
Hematologic Effects

RT 206 (9 decks)

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