3. The Elbow, Forearm And Wrist

Question 1

Describe the position of the radial styloid process

Answer 1

Most distal lateral point

Question 2

What group of muscles attaches to the medial epicondyle?

Answer 2

Flexors

Question 3

What group of muscles attaches to the lateral epicondyle?

Answer 3

Extensors

Question 4

Where does the radius articulate with the humerus?

Answer 4

At the trochlea

Question 5

Describe the articulation of the ulna and the humerus

Answer 5

Anterior: Does not articulate with capitulum
Posterior: olecranon process articulates at olecranon fossa

Question 6

Which bone of the forearm has a wider articulation with the humerus?

Answer 6

Ulna

Question 7

Which bone of the forearm has a wider articulation with the carpals?

Answer 7

Radius

Question 8

Recall and describe the relative positioning of the 8 muscles of the anterior forearm

Answer 8

Radial to ulnar:
Layer 1: PT, FCR, PL, FCU
Layer 2: FDS
Layer 3: FPL, FDP, PQ

Question 9

Recall the proximal and distal attachments and function of pronator teres

Answer 9

Proximal attachment: CFT at medial tuberosity
Distal attachment: lateral radius
Pronates forearm

Question 10

Recall the proximal and distal attachments and function of flexor carpi radialis

Answer 10

Proximal attachment: CFT at medial tuberosity
Distal attachment: 3rd metacarpal
Function: flex wrist, radial deviation

Question 11

Recall the proximal and distal attachments and function of palmaris longis

Answer 11

Proximal attachment: CFT at medial tuberosity
Distal attachment: palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum
Function: wrist flexion

Question 12

Recall the proximal and distal attachments and function of flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 12

Proximal attachment: CFT at medial tuberosity
Distal attachment: Hook of hamate and pisiform
Function: flex wrist and ulnar deviation

Question 13

Recall the proximal and distal attachments and function of flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 13

Proximal attachment: Humeral head
Distal attachment: proximal end of 4 phalanges
Function: “girly fist” = finger flexion

Question 14

Recall the proximal and distal attachments and function of flexor pollicis longus

Answer 14

Proximal attachment: middle 2 quarters of anterior radius
Distal attachment: distal phalynx of thumb
Function: flex thumb into fist

Question 15

Recall the proximal and distal attachments and function of flexor digitorum profundus

Answer 15

Proximal attachment: upper 3/4 of anterior ulnar and interosseous membrane
Distal attachment: base of distal phalanges
Function: flex tips of fingers into fist

Question 16

Recall the proximal and distal attachments and function of pronator quadratus

Answer 16

Proximal attachment: distal 1/3 of medial anterior ulnar
Distal attachment: distal 1/3 of lateral anterior radius
Function: pronate forearm

Question 17

Recall the 6 superficial posterior muscles of the forearm from radial to ulnar

Answer 17

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum 
Extensor digiti minini
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Question 18

What are the proximal and distal attachments of brachioradilis?

Answer 18

Proximal attachment: Lateral suprachondylar ridge of humerus

Distal attachment: radial styloid process

Question 19

What is the function of brachioradialis?

Answer 19

Forearm pronation

Flexion of forearm when pronated

Question 20

Recall the 6 deep posterior muscles of the forearm from proximal to distal

Answer 20

Anconeus 
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis 
Extensor pollicis longus 
Extensor indicis

Question 21

Describe the relative position of APL, EPL and EPB at the thumb

Answer 21

APL and EPB are anterior

EPL is posterior

Question 22

Recall the innervation of the arm

Answer 22

All posterior = radial
All anterior upper arm = musculocutaneous
FCU and half of FDP = ulnar
All other anterior forearm = medial

Question 23

Name the 3 ligaments anteriorly surrounding the elbow joint

Answer 23

Radial collateral
Ulnar collateral
Radial anular

Question 24

Which 2 tendons are attached to the radius between the anular ligament of the radius and the interosseous membrane?

Answer 24

Biceps brachii

Oblique cord

Question 25

Recall the path and branches of the brachial artery

Answer 25

Brachial artery Branches at elbow to radial and ulnar Radial gives off radial recurrent branch Ulnar continues and also gives rise to common interosseous Common interosseous immediately branches into ant and post branches

Question 26

What are the boundaries of the cubical fossa?

Answer 26

Superior: between epicondyles Medial: pronator teres Lateral: brachioradialis

Question 27

What muscles make up the floor of the cubital fossa?

Answer 27

Brachialis | Supinator

Question 28

Recall the neurovascular contents of the cubital fossa

Answer 28

DEEP: Brachial artery (which bifurcates to radial and ulnal) Median nerve Radial nerve (which gives off deep branch) SUPERFICIAL: Median cubital vein Lateral and medial cutaneous nerves

Question 29

Recall the 2 fascious structures of the cubital fossa

Answer 29

Biceps tendon = deep | Bicipital aponeurosis

Question 30

Which vein is perf for phlebotomy in the forearm?

Answer 30

Median cubital vein

Question 31

Describe the venous drainage of the hand

Answer 31

Proper palmar veins drain into dorsal venour arch, which drains into cephalic and basilic veins

Question 32

Recall the muscles involved in forearm supination, wand which of these have most influence

Answer 32

Main influences = supinator, biceps brachii | Also: ECRL, EPL

Question 33

Recall the muscles involved in forearm pronation

Answer 33

Pronator teres, pronator quadratus

Question 34

How is a syndesmosis formed in the forearm?

Answer 34

Interosseous membrane joins radius and ulna

Question 35

Recall the ligaments involved in stabilising the wrist joint

Answer 35

Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments Palmar and dorsal radio-carpal ligaments Palmar ulnocarpal ligament Intercarpal ligaments

Question 36

Name the carpal bones, working from radial to ulnar sides, proximal then distal row

Answer 36

``` Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium ```

Question 37

Recall the muscles involved in bringing about wrist flexion

Answer 37

FCR and FCU (important, obviously) Long flexors of thumb and fingers PL APL

Question 38

Recall the muscles involved in bringing about wrist extension

Answer 38

ECRL, ECRB, ECU (important, obviously) | Long flexors of thumb and fingers

Question 39

Recall the muscles involved in bringing about radial deviation of the wrist

Answer 39

FCR, ECRL, ECRB (obvious) | APL + EPB (run together, next to radius, obvious)

Question 40

Recall the muscles involved in bringing about ulnar deviation of the wrist

Answer 40

ECU FCU Really obvious please don't screw this up xox

Question 41

What is a "sesemoid bone", and where can an example of one be found in the hand?

Answer 41

Bone that forms within a tendon | Eg. Pisiform

Question 42

Where does the ulnar artery enter the hand

Answer 42

Anteriorly, ulnar side just lateral to FCU

Question 43

What does the ulnar artery supply in the forearm?

Answer 43

Medial muscles of the forearm via common, anterior and posterior interosseous branches

Question 44

Describe the descent of the radial artery in the forearm

Answer 44

Lateral side Covered by BR Enters hand anteriorly at radial aspect Crosses anatomical snuff box

Question 45

Recall the relative positioning of the cephalic and basilic veins

Answer 45

Both superficial Cephalic = lateral Basilic = medial

Question 46

What is the proper name given to the deep veins of the forearm?

Answer 46

Venae comitantes

Question 47

Between which muscle heads are the ulnar, median and radial nerves enclosed?

Answer 47

``` Ulnar = heads of FCU Median = heads of PT Radial = heads of supinator ```

Question 48

In the forearm, which muscles are supplied by the ulnar nerve?

Answer 48

FCU | Medial half of FDP

Question 49

In the forearm, which muscles are supplied by the median nerve?

Answer 49

``` PT FCR PL FDS Lateral half of FDP Pronator quadratus Palmaris longus ```

Question 50

In the forearm, which muscles are supplied by the radial nerve?

Answer 50

``` Brachioradialis ECRL ECRB ED EDM ECU supinator APL EPB EPL EI ```

Question 51

What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

Answer 51

Flexor reticulum

Question 52

Which tendon does not run through the carpal tunnel?

Answer 52

PL

Question 53

Recall the boundaries and contents of the anatomical snuffbox

Answer 53

Boundaries: superior = APL and EPB, inferoior = EPL Contents: scaphoid, radial artery and nerve, cephalic vein