30 years war

Question 1

growth of civic humanism

Answer 1

alternative moral foundation: nature over divinity, human reason over divine judgement, the polis over the church

Question 2

Habermas (previous moral unity of Christendom)

Answer 2

a common-life world, shared world of beliefs,

Question 3

Weakening of Christian Unity

Answer 3

New artillery = increasing violence and change in the way to wage war, no longer monopoly of violence by the Christian Emperor.

Question 4

The formation of composite and fragmented monarchies

Answer 4

No mutual recognition of a sovereign international order.
No acceptance of absolustic sovereigns.
Absence of agreed principles made Europe a predatory political environment

Question 5

Confessionalization of violence

Answer 5

Sectarian hostility where the other is considered the ultimate enemy (before, reserved to non-christians).
Heretical movements: confessional divisions became institutionalized, religion becomes part of political matters.

Question 6

30 years wars as a symptom of systematic chaos

Answer 6

Reflects the absence of international norms/shared framework and the breakdown in common moral order.
Change in military (new artillery, more mercenary forces) made the wars more deadly ( civilians)

Question 7

Peace of Westphalia, outcomes (norms)

Answer 7

Religious peace (equality of faiths), balance of power, absolutism of sovereigns/consolidation of state formation

Question 8

Changes in the character of war after westphalia

Answer 8

Armies become more disciplines, change in the conception of war’s social purpose and the relationship of war with legitimate political authority

Question 9

Augsburg peace principle amended by Westphalia

Answer 9

cuius regio, eius religio: if you live in a territory of a Catholic sovereign(ex), he can’t force you to be catholic, a sort of protection for religious minorities. End of religious uniformity, acceptance of Europe’s confessional pluralism.