learning: other kinds of learning

Question 1

learned helplessness

Answer 1

when your behaviour has no effect on the utcome

Question 2

leaned helplessness: response control

Answer 2

infants who could control if a mobile above their bed moved smiled at i and cooed over it
infant s who had not control over its movement quickly lost interest in it Gleitman 2014

Question 3

Shuttle box experiment on dogs

Answer 3

phase 1: pain inflicteddand some dogs could stop by pressing lever
phase 2: shu^le-box, dogs could jump away from pain, but generally only those who were previously in control of their fate did so.
had implications for human stress and depression

Question 4

Evolutionary constraints on learning

Answer 4

a pigeon would rather fly away from pain that peck its way

Question 5

Evolutionary constraints on learning: predisposition fo rlearning

Answer 5

PredisposiIon for Language Learning
– OvergeneralisaIon Errors
– Syntax vs semanIcs
• Colorless green ideas sleep furiously • Chomsky (1956)

Question 6

preparedness

Answer 6

• Early learning theorists thought that any CS can become associated with any US,
• and any response can be strengthened by any reinforcer.
• This asserIon is challenged by • taste aversion learning

Question 7

preparedness: example

Answer 7

• Seligman (1970)
• animals are biologically prepared to learn certain relaIons more readily than others.
• Similar effects occur in instrumental condiIoning.
• Some responses are more readily strengthened by some reinforcers than others.

Question 8

Timing

Answer 8

Taste aversion results from pairings that may be many hours old

Question 9

condition influence operant conditioning

Answer 9

AcquisiIon/Performance DisIncIon – Edward Tolman
– Learning also involves acquisiIon of knowledge
• Reinforcement has more impact on performance than on learning
• Latent Learning
• CogniIve map
• Insight Learning

Question 10

insight learning

Answer 10

…

Question 11

observational learning

Answer 11

many animals can simply learn through example
Social Learning of Fear
– Susan Mineka (1984)
– Studies of monkeys found that the lab monkeys developed a fear of snakes aher observing such fear in the wild- reared monkeys
– Because we learn through observaIon, parents can teach their children complex skills simply by demonstraIon

Question 12

vicarious conditioning

Answer 12

imitation

Question 13

Modelling

Answer 13

imitation of common behaviour often called this
More likely to imitate the acIons of models who are a^racIve, have high status, and are somewhat similar to ourselves
Only effecIve if the observer is physically capable of imitaIng the behavior
• Typically we are unaware of the influence of models on our behavior

Question 14

What reward means for people

Answer 14

intrinsic motivation

extrinsi motivation

Question 15

Reward and people: intrinsic motivation

Answer 15

The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures.

Question 16

reward and people: extrinsic motivation

Answer 16

The desire to engage in an activity because of external reasons, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting.

Question 17

motivation and learning

Answer 17

the overjustificationeffect

Question 18

the over justification effect

Answer 18

The tendency of people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons.
– Steely: Earn to Learn

Question 19

preserving intrinsic interest

Answer 19

Conditions under which over justification effects can be avoided.
Rewards will undermine interest only if interest was initially high.
2. If a child has no interest in reading, getting him or her read by offering free pizza is not a bad idea because there is no initial interest to undermine.