language

Question 1

linguistics

Answer 1

structure of language

phonetics, syntax, semantics, cross-language comparisons, language universals

Question 2

psycholinguistics

Answer 2

processing of language
understanding the mechanisms of language behavior e.g., normal adult comprehension and production of language; neurolinguistics; language acquisition;
language in non-humans

Question 3

socio-linguistics

Answer 3

social aspects of language
Linguistic factors, such as …
voice pitch, pronunciation (dialect), word choice, intonation
… influence our judgements about the speaker’s:
age, gender, geographical identity, socio-economic class, intelligence, personality, mood
Examples: R’s in New York (Labov, 1966) Disney

Question 4

competance

Answer 4

what one knows background knowledge of language you posess, can hear the mistakes people make sometimes
Implicit knowledge - knowing what’s “right” Explicit knowledge - explain in terms of formal rules

Question 5

performance

Answer 5

what one does, how the knowledge is used

Question 6

competance and performance distinction

Answer 6

Norm Chompick challenged BD skinner with this idea

Question 7

syntax

Answer 7

structural properties of language

Question 8

Tag question

Answer 8

element attached at end of utterance; not a true question nor a full declarative statement;
a way of asking for confirmation
That was a horrible movie, wasn’t it

Question 9

tag question formationrules

Answer 9

1. Copy the auxiliary of the main verb to the right of the sentence.
2. Make it negative if the original is positive or positive if the original is negative.
3. Add the pronoun that corresponds to the subject in person, number, and gender.

Question 10

conversational inference: cooperation

Answer 10

there are rules that govern how language operates in a wider social context

Question 11

popular ( but incorrect notions of language:

prescriptive linguistics:

Answer 11

Language change is corruption, this isnt true as languages change all the time
Some languages are more advanced than others “Received pronunciation” is better than dialects “Do’s” and “don’ts” of language use

Question 12

popular ( but incorrect notions of language:language aquisition

Answer 12

children learn language by imitation this plays a small role in how children learn language

Question 13

propertiesof language: human language

Answer 13

flexible, symbol-based and rule-based mode of communication that permits conveyance of any kind of information. Its properties include:
creative
structural
meaningful
referential
interpersonal/communicative

Question 14

properties of human anguage: creative

Answer 14

a limitless # of thoughts can be expressed in a limitless # of ways.

Question 15

properties of human language: structual

Answer 15

sounds are combined into words, and words into sentences according to rules (i.e., grammar).
 hierarchical

Question 16

properties of human language: meaningful

Answer 16

ideas are conveyed by individual words and how they are organised into sentences.
Ex: The cat ate the dog. The dog ate the cat.

Question 17

properties of human language: referential

Answer 17

it refers to and describes things and events in the world.

Question 18

propertie of human language: interpersonal/communicative

Answer 18

it has a social function

Question 19

how many languages in the world

Answer 19

5000

Question 20

basic units of language

Answer 20

phonemes > morphemes > sentences > conversations (sounds) & words

Question 21

Phonems

Answer 21

elementary sounds of speech
• phonemes are NOT letters
to, too, two, through, threw, shoe, clue, view
• vowel & consonant phonemes
• combining phonemes is rule-governed
• 11-144 phonemes in any given language English has ~ 40; Hawaiian has ~16

Question 22

morphemes

Answer 22

smallest meaningful unit of lang.
• can be a word, word stem, or affix (prefix, suffix)
derivational & inflectional morphemes derivational – change the grammatical class
V + -able = Adj (adorable, believable)
V + -er = N (singer, runner) inflectional – grammatical markers
V + -ed = past tense (walked) N + -s = plural (cows)

Question 23

words

Answer 23

content vs. function words
Content words = carry the main meaning
nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Function words = grammatical words
articles (a, the, this), conjunctions (and,
but), prepositions (in, above)

Question 24

psychological reality of the content/function distinciton in aphasia

Answer 24

selective
impairment of content (Wernicke’s) or function words (Broca’s aphasia)
ambiguiry is when words have same forms but different meanigs, genrally unaware of ambiguity

Question 25

sentence

Answer 25

Syntax = the rule-governed system for grouping words together into phrases and sentences
• Sentences introduce a concept that they are about, the subject (or noun phrase), and then propose something about that concept, the predicate
(or verb phrase).

Question 26

neuropsychology of language: Aphasia

Answer 26

Aphasia = disorder of language from injury to language areas
Broca’s aphasia
problems in production (“telegraphic” speech) difficulty w/ function words  syntactic deficit
Wernicke’s aphasia
fluent but meaningless speech (“empty” words) difficulty w/ content words  semantic deficit
neologisms & logorrhea

Question 27

language development/acquisition

Answer 27

“Nature” - language is innate; biological predisposition “Nurture” - lang. learned via environmental stimulation
Points of debate:
• imitation & correction?
• whole-object constraint
• over-regularisation (‘goed’, ‘tooths’)
• motherese “child-directed speech” • pidgin  creole
Conclusion: infants are immediately sensitive to language, but need to interact to learn

Question 28

stages of language production 0-12 months

Answer 28

age stage behaviour
0-3 vegetative sounds cough sic burb
3-5 cooing and laughing sounds wih . intonation
5-12 babbling consonant vowel . . sounds
6-9 reduplicatiod ba ba ba
9-12 variegated ba di bi

Question 29

stages of learning perception: 0-12 months

Answer 29

age             discrimination
45 min 
1 week
2-4 mo
 6-8 mo

45 min round lips vs. tongue protrusion . . imitation
1 week mother’s voice vs. other’s voices own . language vs. foreign language
habituation paradigm

2-4 month all possible phoneme distinctions [video]

6-8 months categorise phonemes across diff. voices [video] lose non-native distinctions

Question 30

stages of learningproduction 1-5 years

Answer 30

1 yar– holophrase (1 word stage) – “bye” “dada”
1.5 years– telegraphic 2 word stage– “she cold”
2-4 years— short sentences negation and question formation–“dada no play” “dada play?”
4-5 years– more complex forms regularisation
“goed>went”

Question 31

teaching language to chimpanzees

Answer 31

Hayes (1950s) Gardner (1960s) Terrace (1970s) more recently

raise chimp as if human sign language with Washoe more systematic approach work with bonobo chimps

Question 32

characteristics of human language lacking in animals

Answer 32

syntax, creativity, displacement, prevarication

Question 33

language acts: production

Answer 33

(speaking, writing, signing)- phonemes / graphemes morphemes

words

Question 34

language acts: comprehension

Answer 34

(listening, reading) phrase, clause, sentence syntax (grammar) semantics (meaning)

Question 35

language acts: accuisition

Answer 35

(1st and second language)

discourse (interpretation) communication (social)

Question 36

dysfunction

Answer 36

aphasia, dyslexia, Az