3.1-3.3

Question 1

What are carbon-based molecules called?

Answer 1

organic molecules

Question 2

How common are organic molecules

Answer 2

Very common: carbon is essential.

Question 3

Why is carbon so widely found?

Answer 3

It can bond in diverse ways because of its structure; 4 valence electrons.

Question 4

What is methane

Answer 4

CH4

Question 5

When carbon makes single bonds with 4 atoms (like methane) what form does it take?

Answer 5

Tetrahedron (pyramid with triangular base)

Question 6

What can change the form of an organic molecule.

Answer 6

Whether carbon makes single or double bonds.

Question 7

what forms can “carbon skeletons” (or the base of carbon which other atoms branch off from) take?

Answer 7

straight, branched or in rings.

Question 8

Chemical formula of ethane?

Answer 8

C2H6 (no double bonds)

Question 9

Chemical formula of propane?

Answer 9

C3H8 (no double bonds)

Question 10

Define isomer.

Answer 10

Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements.

Question 11

Give an example of a isomer

Answer 11

butane and isobutane (or 1-butene and 2-butene). Both C4H8, but have carbon double bonds in diff. places. (see pg. 34)

Question 12

Besides the change in chemical structure, where else do isomers form?

Answer 12

in spatial arrangement (different tetrahedrons, I’m guessing? Some isomers are better than others.

Question 13

Define hydrocarbon, and examples of materials it is found in.

Answer 13

molecules composed only of hydrogen and carbon. Found in crude oil, natural gasses, and fats in our body.

Question 14

What is so important about hydrocarbons? Where are they found?

Answer 14

Fats, oils and gasses supply most of the world’s energy.

Question 15

One isomer of methamphetamine is an addictive illegal drug. The other Is a medicine for sinus congestion. How can you explain the differing effects of the two isomers?

Answer 15

Isomers have different structures, or shapes, and the shape of a molecule usually helps the way it functions in the body.

Question 16

Give examples of carbon rings.

Answer 16

Cyclohexane (C6H12) and Benzene (C6H6)

Question 17

define functional group

Answer 17

affecting molecule’s function by participating in chemical reactions. They are (almost) all polar and therefore hydrophilic/soluble in water.

Question 18

What are the functional groups?

Answer 18

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl groups

Question 19

describe the hydroxyl group.

Answer 19

–OH (oxygen and hydrogen). Many organic compounds containing this group are alcohols.

Question 20

describe the carbonyl group

Answer 20

(/)C=O (carbon bonded to two separate elements). At the end of a carbon skeleton, it is a aldehyde, within a chain, ketone.

Question 21

Describe the carboxyl group

Answer 21

–COOH (carbon double bonded to an oxygen, carbon bonded to an oxygen and a hydrogen (hydroxyl group)). Ionized when it is without the hydrogen (O-). It is acidic because it gives the H+ ion. Anything with carboxyl is called a carboxylic acid.

Question 22

describe the amino group

Answer 22

-NH2, N(/)HH. Ionized it has three hydrogens. By picking up a hydrogen it is ionized form, it is a base. Compounds with amino group are amines. Proteins are built from amino groups and carboxylic acids.

Question 23

Describe the phosphate group

Answer 23

-OPO3^(2-).
O-
|
–O—-P—–O
||
O

Phosphorus + four oxygen atoms. Connected to a carbon structure through oxygen. ATP needs phosphate groups.

Question 24

describe the methyl group.

Answer 24

-CH3. Only nonpolar functional group. Affects molecular shape and thus function.

Question 25

Identify the chemical groups that do not contain carbon.

Answer 25

Hydroxyl, phosphate, amino.

Question 26

What are the four main classes of molecules that are essential to living?

Answer 26

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Question 27

What are the three macromolecules?

Answer 27

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.

Question 28

What is a polymer?

Answer 28

a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together. Blocks are monomers.

Question 29

What is dehydration synthesis/reaction?

Answer 29

a reaction that removes a molecule of water but bonds together two molecules (ex. the hydroxyl group of an atom and an H+ ion). Covalent bond between two monomers.

Question 30

What is the reverse process of dehydration synthesis and why is it important?

Answer 30

Hydrolysis. Monomers must be broken down to be converted into energy for our system.

Question 31

What do dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis both need to carry out their reaction?

Answer 31

enzymes break down certain organic compounds, by acting as a catalyst. People without the enzyme lactase cannot ingest sugar lactose.

Question 32

Where does most of the diversity in macromolecules come from?

Answer 32

Their construction. Monomers can be the same, how they are bonded is different.