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Biology > 3.1 exchange surfaces > Flashcards

3.1 exchange surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of surfactant in the lungs

A

maintain surface tension so the alveoli does not get too over stretched

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2
Q

Why is a baby’s first breath difficult

A

large change in atmospheric pressure as the lungs are filled with fluid

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3
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration

A

contraction

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4
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration

A

relaxation

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5
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspiration

A

contract

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6
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during inspiration

A

relax

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7
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during expiration

A

relax

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8
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during expiration

A

contract

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9
Q

What happens to the rib cage during inspiration

A

up and out

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10
Q

What happens to the rib cage during expiration

A

down and in

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11
Q

What happens to the thoraic volume during inspiration

A

increases

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12
Q

What happens to the thoraic volume during expiration

A

decreases

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13
Q

What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration

A

decreases

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14
Q

What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure during expiration

A

increases

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15
Q

What happens to the air movement during inspiration

A

pressure falls below atmospheric pressure so air is drawn inside

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16
Q

What happens to the air movement during expiration

A

pressure goes above the atmospheric pressure so air moves out

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17
Q

What structures does a trachea contain

A
  • cartilage
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibres
  • ciliated epithelium
  • goblet cells
  • mucous glands
18
Q

What structures does the bronchi contain

A
  • cartilage
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibres
  • ciliated epithelium
  • goblet cells
  • mucous glands
19
Q

What structures does the larger bronchioles contain

A
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibres
  • ciliated epithelium
  • goblet cells
20
Q

What structures does the smaller bronchioles contian

A
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibres
21
Q

What structures does the smallest bronchioles contain

A

elastic fibres

22
Q

What structures does the alevoli contain

A

elastic fibres

23
Q

Function of cartilage

A

to support the trachae and ensure airway is open

24
Q

Function of the ciliated epithelium

A

cilia on the surface which sweep mucus, dust and bacteria upwards

25
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

26
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

adjust size of airways

27
Q

Function of squamous epithelium

A

short diffusion pathway for rapid gaseous exchange

28
Q

Function of elastic tissue

A

recoil

29
Q

Define alveolar air

A

air located in the alveoli that takes part in gaseous exchange

30
Q

Define tidal volume

A

volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath at rest

31
Q

Define residual volume

A

volume of air that is left in the lungs after maximum exhilation

32
Q

Define vital capacity

A

volume of air that can be breathed in after maximum exhilation

33
Q

Define dead space air

A

volume of ventilated air that isn’t participating in gaseous exchange

34
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume of air you can breathe in after normal inhilation

35
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhilation

36
Q

Define total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume

37
Q

What is the counter current system in fish

A
  • opposite directional flow of water and blood
  • maintains concentration gradient in the capillary
38
Q

What is the ventilation mechanism in fish

A
  • when the fish open their mouths the lower the floor of the buccal cavity
  • volume inside the buccal cavity increases so there is a decrease in pressure inside
  • the pressure is higher outside than inside so water flows in
  • the fish then raises the floor of the buccal cavity increasing the pressure
  • water flows outwards to the gill cavity
  • as water pressure builds in the gill cavity the operculum forces open and water exits the fish
39
Q

What is the ventilation mechanism in insects

A
  • very active, flying insects need more oxygen
  • they create mass flow by closing the spiracles and using abdominal muscles to create a pumping movement
40
Q

Structure to function of the alveoli

A
  • small = large SA:V ratio
  • constant blood flow = step concentration gradient
  • 1 cell thick = shorter diffusion distance
  • large number = increases SA
  • contains surfactant = maintains surface tension
  • contains elastin = allows recoil

Biology (12 decks)

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