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Biology > 4.1 communicable diseases > Flashcards

4.1 communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of primary responses

A
  • lysozymes (tears)
  • cilia and mucous membranes
  • skin
  • expulsive reflexs
  • ear wax
  • stomach acid
  • blood clotting
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2
Q

Types of expulsive reflexes

A
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
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3
Q

Why are primary defences non-specific

A

they act the same towards all pathogens

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4
Q

Why is it important that blood clots do not form in the blood vessels

A

it would reduce the blood flow around the body, this reduces oxygen to the site

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5
Q

Role of a neutrophils

A
  • multi-lobed nucleus which allows them to change shape
  • short lived
  • large numbers are released during infections
  • move around actively and leave the blood
  • mini
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6
Q

Role of macrophages

A
  • travel in the blood as monocytes (unactive form)
  • long lived
  • initiate immune response
  • antigen cell presenting
  • line passages and alveolar walls
  • big
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7
Q

Stages in phagocytosis

A
  1. chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte (opsonin)
  2. ingestion of microbe (endocytosis)
  3. formation of a phagosome (vesicle)
  4. fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome to make a PHAGOLYSOSOME
  5. digestion of ingested microbe
  6. formation of residual body
  7. discharge of waste through exocytosis
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8
Q

Definition of opsonins

A

proteins that can bind to the antigen on a pathogen which allows phagoctyes to bind to the pathogen and engulf it

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9
Q

What is a major histocompability complex (MHC)

A

when the macrophage has digested a pathogen and combines the antigens from the pathogen with special gyloproteins in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Types of bacterial disease

A
  • bacterial meningitis
  • tuberculosis
  • ring rot
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11
Q

Types of viral disease

A
  • HIV/AIDS
  • influenza
  • TMV(tobacco mosaic virus)
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12
Q

Types of protoctisa disease

A
  • malaria
  • potato blight
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13
Q

Types of fungal diseases

A
  • black sigatoka
  • ringworm
  • athlete’s foot
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14
Q

What is tuberculosis caused by

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M.bovis

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15
Q

Side effects of tuberculosis

A
  • damaging lung tissue
  • supressing the immune system
  • chronic cough
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16
Q

How is tuberculosis spread

A

through the air - coughing/sneezing

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17
Q

What is bacterial meningitis caused by

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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18
Q

Side effects of bacterial mengingitis

A
  • inflammation to the brain
  • fever
  • headache
  • septicaemia
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19
Q

How is bacterial meningitis spread

A

through the air

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20
Q

Side effects of ring rot

A
  • prevents water transport
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21
Q

How does ring rot spread

A

vascular infection of daughter tubes

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22
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A
  • non-living and acellular
  • consists of genetic material, capsid and attachment proteins
  • replication occurs inside the host cell
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23
Q

Side effects of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

A
  • chills
  • rash
  • night sweats
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24
Q

How is HIV spread

A

through sharing bodily fluids ie. blood

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25
Q

Side effects of influenza

A
  • high temperature
  • headache
26
Q

How is influenza spread

A

through the air - coughing/sneezing

27
Q

Side effects of TMV

A
  • mosaic pattern
  • stunting growth
  • yellow spotting
28
Q

Characteristics of a protista

A
  • eukaryotic
  • single-celled
  • pathogenic protists are called parasistes (transmitted by a vector)
28
Q

How is TMV spread

A
  • contaminated tools/hands
  • infected leaf rubbing against healthy leaf
29
Q

What is malaria caused by

A

plasmodium
(spread by female mosquitos)

30
Q

Side effects of malaria

A
  • yellow skin
  • diarrhea
  • sore throat
31
Q

How is potato blight spread

A

spores break away from the plant and are blown away

32
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A
  • eukaryotes
  • either multi-cellular or single- cellular
  • release enzymes that digest the host tissue
33
Q

What does black sigatoka infect

A

bananas

34
Q

Side effects of black sigatoka

A
  • leaves turn black
  • photosynthesis is stopped
35
Q

How is black sigatoka spread

A
  • wind borne spores
36
Q

Side effects of ring worm

A

white crusty circle on the skin

37
Q

How is ring worm spread

A

contact with infected organism

38
Q

Side effects of athletes foot

A

white patches and cracked skin, normally between toes

39
Q

How is ring worm
spread

A

contact with infected skin

40
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A
  • prokaryotic
  • classified by their shape or cell wall structure
  • either gram-positive or gram-negative
41
Q

Plant response

A
  • anitbacterial chemicals - repel and kill pathogens
  • physical defences - prevent pathogens from spreading
42
Q

Where are B lymphocytes made and matured

A

both made and matured in the bone marrow

43
Q

Where are T lymphocytes made and matured

A

made : bone marrow
matured : thymus

44
Q

Role of B plasma cells

A

release specific antibodies

45
Q

Role of B memory cells

A

immunological memory

46
Q

Role of T helper cells

A
  • release cytokines which stimulates B cells to develop
  • stimulates phagocytosis
47
Q

Role of T killer cells

A
  • attack and kill infected host body ells which display the foreign antigen
  • releases perforin
48
Q

Role of T memory cells

A

immunological memory

49
Q

Role of T regulator cells

A
  • shut down immune response
  • prevent autoimmunity
50
Q

Process of cell mediated immunity

A
  1. either the antigen is displayed on a macrophage APC or pathogen inside an infected cell
  2. T helper cell is complementary to the antigen and it binds using receptors on the cell surface
  3. The binding is called CLONAL SELECTION
  4. This triggers the T helper cell to release interleukins triggering clonal expansion of B + T cells through differentiation and proliferation
51
Q

Process of humoral immunity

A
  1. Pathogen is detected by B cells in bodily fluid
  2. B cell displays antibodies on their cell surface membrane
  3. B cell binds to complementary antigen
  4. T helper cell binds to complementary B cell antigen
  5. T helper cell releases interleukin which causes CLONAL EXPANSION = differentiation and proliferation
  6. B cell divides into B plasma and B memory cells
52
Q

What is natural active immunity

A

immunity provided by antibodies made in the immune system as a result of infection
( example: chicken pox)

53
Q

What is natural passive immunity

A

antibodies provided via the placenta or breast milk

54
Q

What is artifical active immunity

A

antibodies provided after a vaccination
(example: influenza)

55
Q

What is artifical passive immunity

A

antibodies provided by injection made by another individual
(example: tetanus)

56
Q

What are the two types of vaccines

A
  • Herd = provide immunity to everyone at risk
  • Ring = new case of disease is reported
57
Q

Definition of vaccination

A

weakened or dead pathogen that is injected to trigger the production of antibodies to a specific disease

58
Q

Antibody structure

A
  • made up of 2 long polypetide chains (heavy) and 2 short polypeptide chains (light)
  • chains held together by disulphide bonds (difficult to denature during fever)
  • rest of molecule is called the CONSTANT region
  • anitgen binding site is called VARIABLE region
59
Q

What is aggultination

A
  • one antibody can bind to two pathogens causing them to clump together
  • pathogens can be engulfed at once
60
Q

What is antibody opsonisation

A
  • process where the pathogen is makred for engulfing and digestion by phagocyte
  • forms an antibody-antigen complex
61
Q

What is neutralisation

A
  • anitbodies can act as antitoxins
  • these bind to the pathogen or to the toxin in pathogens
  • render pathogens harmless

Biology (12 decks)

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