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Biology🧬🪼 > 3.1)Exchange Surfaces & Breathing > Flashcards

3.1)Exchange Surfaces & Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Why do single celled organisms not need a specialized transport system?

A

Cytoplasm of the cells are close to the environment in which they live = diffusion pathway is short = diffusion alone is enough

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2
Q

Why do large organisms need a transport system?

A

Multicellular = many layers of cells = longer diffusion pathway = diffusion would take too long

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3
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect the need for an exchange system?

A

Size
SA:vol ratio
Level of activity
Ventilation

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4
Q

How does the SA:Vol ratio affect the need for an exchange system?

A

small organism = large sa:vol ratio = sa is large enough to supply all cells w sufficient oxygen

Large organism = small sa:vol ratio = sa is too small to supply cells w sufficient oxygen THEREFORE require a exchange system

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5
Q

How does level of activity affect the need for an exchange system?

A

High metabolic activity = require more oxygen for aerobic respiration to release more energy

Low activity = require less oxygen THEREFORE do not need exchange system

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6
Q

What are the 4 features of a good exchange surface?

A

Large SA
Thin wall/membrane
Good blood supply
Ventilation

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7
Q

How is a large sa efficient for gas exchange?

A

Large sa = more space for molecules to pass through

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8
Q

How is a thin wall efficient for gas exchange?

A

Thin wall = reduce diffusion pathway = gas exchange occurs quickly

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9
Q

How is a good blood supply efficient for gas exchange?

A

Good blood supply = fresh supply of molecules = maintain steep conc grad = diffusion can occur rapidly

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10
Q

Why is ventilation useful in a gas exchange system?

A

Maintains diffusion gradient=faster and more efficient

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11
Q

What are the main structures of a gas exchange system?

A

Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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12
Q

How is the nasal cavity adapted for gas exchange?

A

1.large SA & good blood supply=warms the air as it passes
2.hairy lining=trap dust and bacteria=prevent from reaching lungs (infection)
3.moist= ⬆️humidity=prevent drying of lungs=prevent irritation

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13
Q

How is the trachea adapted to G.E?

A

Layer of cartilage=prevent collapsing of lungs when P drops during inspiration
Incomplete rings=bend when food is swallowed down the oesophagus
Lined with ciliated epithelial & goblet cells=prevent dust and bacteria entering

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14
Q

How is the bronchus adapted to G.E?

A

Similar structure to trachea
Complete cartilage rings=hold pipe open

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15
Q

How are the bronchioles adapted to G.E?

A

1mm diameter
No cartilage
Held open by smooth muscle
Smooth muscle contract=bronchiole contract
Lined with epithelial tissue=some gas exchange

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16
Q

How is the alveoli adapted to G.E?

A

Gas exchange occurs
Thin layer of flattened epithelial cell
Collagen
Elastic fibres

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17
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A

ribs + intercostal muscle (im) contract
diaphragm moves up + out
=
lung volume increases
thoracic P decreases
=
air inhaled

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18
Q

what happens during exhalation?

A

ribs + im relax
diaphragm moves down + in
=
lung vol decreases
thoracic P increases
=
air exhaled

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19
Q

what is a spirometer?

A

device that measures movement of air in/out of the lungs

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20
Q

why should the subject be healthy during spirometer reading?

A

if unhealthy, lung volume will be changed

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21
Q

what is the purpose of soda lime in the spirometer?

A

absorbs the CO2 (that has been exhaled) to prevent it from being breathed in again by the subject

22
Q

how is the total lung volume calculated?

A

vital capacity + residual vol

23
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

the max vol of air moved (inhaled + exhaled) by lungs in 1 breath

24
Q

what is residual vol?

A

the vol of air left in the lungs after exhalation

25
Q

what happens to the overall vol of gas in the spirometer tank over time and WHY?

A

DECREASES
inhaling = uses O2 in the tank
exhaling = CO2 released is absorbed by soda lime in the tank to prevent it from being inhaled again

26
Q

what is tidal vol?

A

the max vol of air that can be inhaled/exhaled

27
Q

what is expiratory capacity?

A

the max vol of air exhaled after a normal inhalation

28
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

A

the max vol of air inhaled after a normal exhalation

29
Q

what is the inspiratory reserve vol?

A

the max vol of air that you can breathe in at NORMAL INHALATION

30
Q

what is the expiratory reserve vol?

A

the max vol of air you can breathe out at NORMAL EXHALATION

31
Q

what happens to the graph of a spirometer reading when inspiring?

A

trace goes down

32
Q

what happens to the graph of a spirometer reading when expiring?

A

trace climbs up

33
Q

what does the peak to trough of inspiration indicate?

A

vol of a single breath

34
Q

what precautions should be taken using a spirometer?

A

-subject should be healthy
-soda lime should be fresh
-no air leaks in apparatus
-mouthpiece sterilised
-water chamber NOT overfilled

35
Q

what is a peak flow meter and its limitations?

A

ONLY measures expiration so is less accurate, compared to spirometer which measures BOTH exhalation + inspiration

36
Q

where do the tracheal tubes run from in insects?

A

body surface –> tissue

37
Q

what do the tracheal tubes in insects allow?

A

transport gases directly between environment + body cells

38
Q

what are spiracles?

A

each segment of the insect has lip like openings, which the tracheal tubes connect to

39
Q

what is formed when the tracheal tubes connect to the spiracle branch?

A

tracheoles

40
Q

what do tracheoles do?

A

-repeatedly divide
-ends penetrate into individual body cells

41
Q

what are the 2 ways in which gas exchange takes place?

A

-diffusion gradient
-ventilation by rhythmic abdominal movements

42
Q

how does the diffusion gradient allow gas exchange to take place?

A

-O2 move down the conc. gradient= air –> body cells
-CO2 move down conc. gradient = body cell –> air

43
Q

how does ventilation by rhythmic abdominal movements allow gas exchange to take place?

A

-speed up
-generate mass movement of air in + out

44
Q

what are the gas exchange surfaces in fish?

A

gills

45
Q

what are gills composed of?

A

gill filaments
(stacked like pages in a book)

46
Q

what is the structure of the gill lamellae?

A

-few cells thick
-contain blood capillaries

47
Q

what are the gill lamellae for?

A

-project at right angle from filaments
-increase S.A

48
Q

what is countercurrent flow?

A

-blood always comes in contact with water with a higher O2 conc.

49
Q

what does the countercurrent flow allow?

A

-O2 diffusion gradient maintained
-max possible gas exchange

50
Q

what happens to the conc. gradient during parallel flow?

A

-conc. gradient level out
-when blood + water have 50% O2 conc.

51
Q

what happens to the conc. gradient during countercurrent flow?

A

-conc. gradient does not level out
-blood continuously absorbs O2

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