4.1)Communicable Diseases Flashcards

Question

plant disease caused by protoctista?

Answer 1

blight (tomatoes nd potatoes)

Answer 2

RNA & Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme (RTE) RTE coverts RNA--->DNA so that the DNA can be replicated

Answer 3

Direct - more common Indirect

Answer 4

Direct physical contact w someone’s bodily fluids 👥 -wash hands regularly 🖐️ -sterilise equipment ✂︎ -sterilise surfaces 🧽 -use condoms

Answer 5

Breaks in skin (e.g Animal bites, wounds/cuts, needle puncture) -cleaning & covering wounds🩹

Answer 6

(faecal-oral route) Ingesting contaminated food or transferring pathogens to mouth (e.g. eating w unwashed hands after using toilet) -treating waste/drinking water 💧 -washing food 🫑 -cooking food thoroughly 🥩

Answer 7

Transmission by SPORES (resistant stage of pathogen) carried in air(wind), residue on surfaces or in soil -use mask 😷 -wash skin after contact w soil 🧼

Answer 8

Inanimate objects (e.g. bed sheets, surfaces, socks, cosmetics, brushes) -wash clothes/bedding regularly 🧺 -clean surfaces 🧼

Answer 9

Pathogen carried in water droplets through air (e.g talking, coughing, sneezing) -cover mouth when sneezing/coughing -dispose of tissues correctly🧻

Answer 10

Vectors (e.g. rat fleas, mosquito, raccoons, dogs, water) that transmit the pathogen from one organism to another -wash animal🦝🛁 -insect repellant🦗 -ensure water is clean💧

Answer 11

Plasmodium parasite transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito vector🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟 🦟🦟🦟 🦟🦟🦟 🩸

Answer 12

-reduce stagnant water 🏊(mosquitos favour stagnant water & reproduce here) -malarial tablets (6 weeks before going to 🦟 environment) -mosquito nets -insect repellant🦗

Answer 13

Female Anopheles 🦟 sucks blood w Plasmodium gamete ↓ Plasmodium gamete migrate to salivary glands of 🦟 ↓ 🦟 bites uninfected person 👤 ↓ plasmodium parasite moves to liver of person ↓ plasmodium parasite moves to blood🩸 ＝ 👤person is infected

Answer 14

OVERCROWDING (close proximity = easy spread) POOR VENTILATION (no dispersion of airbourne particles that carry pathogens) POOR HEALTH (weak immune system unable to fight pathogens) MIGRATION FROM INFECTED AREAS (higher risk of transmission) CULTURE/INFRASTRUCTURE (traditional medicinal practices/way food is cooked may increase risk of transmission) POOR WASTE DISPOSAL (build up of pathogens creating unsanitary conditions) SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS (lack of trained health workers/insufficient public warning during outbreak of disease=less prepared=increase outbreak/rate of transmissions)

Answer 15

direct contact of healthy plant w infected plant RINGROT TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS TOMATO/POTATO BLIGHT BLACK SIGATOKA

Answer 16

SOIL CONTAMINATION (pathogens in soil enetr via roots when roots damaged by replanting, burrowing animals, uprooting) SPORES (carried in wind) LEAVES (leaves carrying pathogens are shed and carried to soil where it can grow/infect another plant) FRUITS/SEEDS (pathogens enter fruit/seed which are distributed within the plant=infect offspring) VECTORS (animals, humans, water, wind)

Answer 17

PLANTING VARIETIES OF CROPS THAT R SUSPECTIBLE TO DISEASE OVERCROWDING POOR MINERAL NUTRITION DAMP, WARM CONDITIONS CLIMATE CHANGE

Answer 18

1)leave room between plants so pathogens can't spread easily 2)clear fields thoroughly to remove all traces of plants from the soil 3)rotate crops so spores/bacteria will dies as they don't have access to host plant 4)strict hygiene practices to prevent bacteria coming into contact w plants 5)control insects - that could act as vectors that transport pathogens

Answer 19

-pathogens thrive in damper/warmer conditions -there are diff pathogens that we don't have immunity to -diff countries cook food in diff ways

Answer 20

the specific cell surface receptors are absent in the vector

Answer 21

strong winds may cause uprooting which exposes roots and allows pathogen-infected soil to penetrate nd infect the tree

Answer 22

outer tissues of roots act as physical barriers nd some pathogens mau not have the enzymes to penetrate nd break through the cell wall

Answer 23

in the tips of roots/shoots

Answer 24

-defences present b4 infection that prevent the entry nd spread of the pathogen -both pyshical nd chemical

Answer 25

CELLULOSE CELL WALLS - contain lignin that make wall waterproof nd completely indigestible WAXY CUTICLE - prevents water collecting on leaves as pathogens often collect in water nd require water to survive BARK - contains range of chemicals that protect against pathogens STOMATAL CLOSURE - guard cells close the stomata in the part of the plant where the pathogen is detected TYLOSE FORMATIONS - balloon like swelling that fills the xylem nd blocks xylem so it cannot transport pathogen infected water TYLOSE FORMATION 2 -conatins high conc of terpenes = toxic to many pathogens CALLOSE POLYSACCHARIDES deposited in sieve tubes at end of growing season to seal off the infected area and prevent pathogen spreading

Answer 26

INSECT REPELLANTS INSECTICIDES that are toxic to insect/fungi ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS (e.g. lysosome organelles containing lysozyme enzymes that break down bacterial cell walls) ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS (e.g saponin chemicals in plant cell membranes that break down fungal cell walls) GENERAL TOXINS chemicals made in some plants that break down to form cyanide when the plant cell is attacked

Answer 27

1)receptors attach to molecules from pathogen/chemicals produced by the plant when attacked 2)signalling molecules are stimulated 3)gene in nucleus is switched on this triggers a cellular response

Answer 28

CELL WALLS THICKEN/STRENGTHEN w extra cellulose CALLOSE deposited between plant cell wall and membrane to impede penetration, strengthens cells wall and block plasmodesmata (channels) to prevent spread of pathogens OXIDATIVE BURSTS that produce highly reactive oxygen molecules capable of damaging cells of invading organisms NECROSIS (cell suicide) cells surrounding the infection killed to limit the pathogen's access to water/nutrients which prevents further spread around the plant CANKER sunken necrotic lesion in woody tissue causing death of cambium tissue which means water/nutrients can't be transported which prevents further spread of pathogens

Answer 29

TERPENOIDS essential oils w antibacterial/fungal properties (e.g menthol form mints) PHENOLS bind nd deactivate enzymes (e.g insects ingest TANNINS nd their enzymes become deactivated causing them to stop growing nd die = pathogens aren't able to be transmitted) ALKANOIDS nitrogen-containing compounds inhibiting protein synthesis nd having bitter taste to inhibit herbivore feeding (e.g caffeine, nicotine, morphine, solanine) DEFENSINS cysteine-rich proteins that kill lots of types of bacteria by inhibiting ion transport channels HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES found in spaces between cells (e.g CHITINASES that breaks down chitin found in cell walls

Answer 30

when pathogens have entered body

Answer 31

NEUTROPHILS MACROPHAGES

Answer 32

bone marrow nd are releases in large amounts as result of an infection

Answer 33

lysosome organelles containing lysozyme enzyme that digest pathogens

Answer 34

skin mucous membranes expulsive reflexes chemical secretions

Answer 35

has outer layer of dead hardened cells w keratin which act as a physical barrier sebum on surface containing fatty acid w antimicrobial properties evaporation of sweat leaves behind salt residue low moisture, low pH, high salinity creates inhospitable env for pathogens

Answer 36

mucus in the airways trap the virus, bacteria nd pollen particles cilia wafts the mucous to the back of the throat so it can be swallowed nd destroyed by HCL in stomach or coughed out

Answer 37

pathogen lining the airway triggers cough/sneeze which results in sudden expulsion of air containing the pathogens

Answer 38

lysozyme (digestive enzyme) that breaks down the bacterial cell wall HCl produced by the cells that line the stomach create low pH that kill bacteria

Answer 39

gut cells secrete mucus that acts as protective lining against the HCL

Answer 40

Candida albicans nd E.coli bacteria growing on skin, mouth nd intestines compete w pathogens nd prevent them from invading host cells

Answer 41

blood clotting inflammation wound repair phagocytosis

Answer 42

the scab formed for wound healing acts as a physical barrier against pathogens

Answer 43

tissue is damaged and cell-signalling molecule HISTAMINE is secreted which causes: 1)vasodilation increases blood flow through capillaries 2)leaky capillaries allow fluid to enter tissue nd create swelling 3)phagocytes to enter blood nd engulf pathogens 4)cells to release cytokines that trigger an immune response to infected area

Answer 44

cell-signalling compounds made of small protein molecules that trigger an immune response

Answer 45

1)scab is formed as a result of blood clotting 2) -new blood vessels form -collagen is produced -granulation tissue produced to fill the wound -stem cells divide to produce epithelial cells -contractile cells cause wound to contract -unwanted cells die

Answer 46

type of phagocyte that travel in blood as monocytes before settling in body tissue monocytes mature into macrophages i n the lymph nodes

Answer 47

peripheral tissue

Answer 48

1)macrophage engulfs the pathogen and combines antigen (on pathogen cell surface) w MHC(glycoproteins in macrophages cytoplasm) 2)MHC moves antigen to macrophage's surface nd the macrophage becomes APC 3)APC moves around body where it comes into contact w T-lymphocytes nd B-lymphocytes to activate specific immune response

Answer 49

increase the chances of antigen coming into contact w pathogen as there may only be 1 T-cell and B-cell w the correct recognition site for the antigen

Answer 50

lobed nucleus

Answer 51

production of lymphocytes nd antibodies that are specific to the pathogen (slower but more effective than non-specific response)

Answer 52

bone marrow

Answer 53

T-cells = Thymus gland B-cells = bone marrow

Answer 54

diff T-cells have diff T-cell-Receptors (TCR) which allows the T-cell to recognise a wide range of foreign antigens (on surface of foreign bodies/pathogens)

Answer 55

Immature T-cells originate in the bone marrow and move to the Thymus gland where they become mature

Answer 56

When they encounter their specific antigens

Answer 57

Divide by mitosis into 3 types of T-cells: 1)T-helper 2)T-killer 3)T-regulator

Answer 58

1) are activated by macrophages engulfing the pathogen and presenting the pathogen’s antigens on their own cell surface to become an APC and binding w T-cells w receptors that are complementary to the specific pathogen 2)activated T-cells divide by mitosis to produce clones 3)・T-helper = release interleukins (cytokine) which activate B cells & cause phagocyte activity to increase 　・T-killer attach to foreign antigens on cell surface of infected cells and secrete Perforins which punch hole in surface membrane of infected cells so toxins (which are also secreted) can enter and Kill pathogen 　・T-regulator = regulate the immune response by shutting down the immune system once body is clear of pathogens & preventing T-cells from attacking and killing uninfected host cells

Answer 59

・B-cells remain in the bone marrow until they are mature nd then spread throughout the body in lymph nodes ・gain special B-Cell-Receptors (BCR) aka antibodies ・each antibody forms Glycoprotein receptor that combines w 1 type of antigen

Answer 60

・B-cells w complementary antibody receptors bind to antigens on APC (phagocytes, infected cells, pathogens) & release interleukins ・activated B-cells divide by mistosis & some B-cells differentiate into plasma cells

Answer 61

Secrete lots of antibody molecules (that are complementary to the antigen) into the blood, lymph or linings of lungs nd gut

Answer 62

Remain in blood for long time (sometimes life time) so that they are able to initiate a immune response when the pathogen enters the body again

Answer 63

Newly encountered antigen

Answer 64

Previously encountered antigen

Answer 65

1)B-memory cells recognise the same antigen (from a previously encountered pathogen) 2)the memory cells quickly divide and differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies and more memory cells

Answer 66

there are more memory cells present which can be selected, so there are more antibodies produced within a short time period

Answer 67

・globular glycoproteins called immunoglobulins ・Y-shaped w 2 heavy chains bonded by disulfide bonds to 2 light chains ・each chain has constant & variable region ・constant region determines the mechanism used to destroy the antigens

Answer 68

・AA sequence where the antibody attaches to antigen to form ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX ・（end of variable region) is ANTIGEN-BINDING SITE composed of 110〜130 diff AA = variation = specific to epitope

Answer 69

The part of the antigen that binds to the antibody

Answer 70

・where the disulfide bonds join the heavy chains together ・provide flexibility to antibody molecule so that the antigen-binding-Site can be placed at diff angles when binding to the antigens

Answer 71

To destroy pathogens within the body by acting as: 1)Anti-toxins 2)Opsonins 3) Agglutinins

Answer 72

Antibodies bind to toxins produced by the pathogens and neutralises them to make them ahrmless

Answer 73

・Antibodies attach to bacteria making them readily identifiable to phagocytes. Once identified, phagocyte has receptor proteins for the heavy chain on the antibodies, enabling phagocytosis to occur ・Antibodies attach to flagella of bacteria, making the bacteria less active and making it easier for phagocytosis to occur

Answer 74

Causes pathogens carrying antigen-antibody complexes to clump together. This reduces chance that pathogens spread through the body and allows phagocytes to engulf many pathogens at a time.

Answer 75

・occurs when an antigen enters the body and triggers a specific immune response ・Naturally acquired by exposure to pathogens ・Artificially acquired by pathogens in vaccinations💉 ・takes 1/2 weeks for antibody concentration to increase during PRIMARY response ・takes shorter time for antibody concentration to increase when same pathogen invades body during SECONDARY response

Answer 76

・acquired without an immune response (antibodies aren’t produced by the infected person) as there are no memory cells that can produce antibodies ・Artificially acquired through injection/transfusion of antibodies that were collected from other people (who’s immune system had been triggered by a vaccination) ・Naturally acquired by fetus from mother’s placenta ・Naturally acquired by babies from mother’s breastmilk

Answer 77

The initial breast milk from mother’s (to their babies)

Answer 78

When Antibodies, T cells (helper cells & cytotoxic cells) attack 1 or more self-antigens and damages body cells as a result

Answer 79

LUPUS ・butterfly rash across the face ・connectives tissue of body is attacked by immune system and affects joints, kidney, heart, lungs nd skin ・causes long term destruction RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ・muscle spasms ・inflamed tendons ・lethargy ・joint pain ・begins in fingers and hands, spreads to shoulders nd elsewhere〜

Answer 80

1)likelihood of developing the disease when exposed to a particular pathogen is due to inheritance of genes 2)environment-moving to areas of high autoimmune disease from areas of low autoimmune disease increased likeliness of developing the disease

Answer 81

A suspension of antigens that are intentionally put into the body to induce artificial active immunity

Answer 82

-injection (into vein or muscle) -orally

Answer 83

Cause memory cells to be created so the immune system remembers the antigen when reencountered (w the same pathogen) and produces stronger antibodies to it at a faster rate

Answer 84

Vaccination programmes that are offered to citizens (e.g babies vaccinated against measles, mumps nd rubella)

Answer 85

-body having poor response (weak/defective immune system) -variations in antigens of pathogens cause vaccines to not trigger an immune response (e.g malaria has too many antigens so vaccines could be ineffective) -pathogens could be in parts of body that are difficult to reach by vaccine (e.g cholera that remains in the small intestine) -cross breeding between diff strains of the virus, making the vaccine ineffective

Answer 86

when a large proportion of a population has been vaccinated (and is therefore immune) which makes it difficult for the pathogen to spread within that population

Answer 87

Allows for individuals who aren’t able to be vaccinated (e.g children & those who have weak immune systems) to be protected from the disease

Answer 88

When all the people living/working near a vulnerable/infected people are vaccinated to prevent them from catching and transmitting the disease. Vaccinated individuals don’t spread the pathogen onto others so the ‘vulnerable individuals’ within the ring are protected as the people they interact with will not have the disease

Answer 89

-Contain whole pathogens that have been weakened -weakened pathogens slowly multiply and allow for the body to recognise the antigens which trigger the immune response (plasma cells producing antibodies) -produce stronger + longer immune response -e.g MMR vaccine

Answer 90

-Contain whole pathogens that have been killed -can’t cause diseases as the pathogens are dead nd inactivated -immune response is not strong/long-lasting so booster doses often required -e.g Polio vaccine

Answer 91

1)Bacteria nd Fungi providing antibiotics 2)Plants ・Artemisinin drug (found in sweet wormwood) treats Malaria by killing the pathogen while it is in the rbc ・Quindine drug (found in Quinine tree) treats Fast Heart Rate by blocking channel proteins in cardiac muscle to reduce impulse condunction

4.1)Communicable Diseases Flashcards

(117 cards)