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Biology🧬🪼 > 4.2)Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2)Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

measure of all the diff plant, animal, fungus nd microorganism species, the genes they contain nd ecosystem that they form

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2
Q

What is a species?

A

A grp of organisms that can interbreed nd produce FERTILE offspring

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3
Q

What is habitat biodiversity?

A

The range of habitats in which diff species can live

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4
Q

What are the common habitats found in the UK?

A

Sand dunes
Woodland
Meadows
Streams

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5
Q

How do you tell that one habitat is more diverse than the other when they have the same number of species?

A

NOT DIVERSE - contain 25 plant species but 1/2 dominate the whole area
DIVERSE - contain 25 plant species dotted fairly evenly in an area

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6
Q

What is {species richness} nd {species evenness}?

A

Richness - number of species
Evenness - degree to which they are represented

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7
Q

Why is it unrealistic to try and observe + count all species in a habitat?

A

Estimate suggests that there are billions of single-celled organisms per square meter of soil nd thousands of mites per square meter

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8
Q

What is one way to practically estimate the number of microorganisms in a habitat?

A

Culture some microorganisms on a nutrient medium in lab nd let them grow

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9
Q

How do you practically sample a habitat?

A

Select small portion of a habitat
Multiply number of individuals of species found
=
estimate number of individuals of species in entire habitat

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10
Q

What are the 5 types of sampling strategies?

A

Random (sample site is randomly selected e.g on map)
Non R- opportunistic (researcher samples area that they have prior knowledge on e.g knows that the site contains particular species)
Non R- stratified (dividing habitat into areas that look diff nd sampling them separately)
Non R -systematic (samples taken at fixed intervals across a habitat)

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11
Q

What are the adv & disadv of RANDOM SAMPLING?

A

✅
-ensures data is NOT biased

👎
-may not cover all areas of habitat equally = species w low presence overlooked = underestimate of biodiversity

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12
Q

What are the adv & disadv of NON-R OPPORTUNISTIC SAMPLING?

A

✅
-easier nd quicker than random

👎
-data may be biased
-presence of large/colourful species = researches include in sampling data = overestimate biodiversity of that habitat

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13
Q

What are the adv & disadv of NON-R STRATIFIED SAMPLING?

A

✅
-ensures all areas of habitat is sampled = no under-representation

👎
-e.g disproportionate number of samples in one area = researcher may increase number of samples in lower areas = over estimation

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14
Q

What are the adv & disadv of NON-R SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING?

A

✅
-shows clear link between the number of individuals of a species nd a environmental factor
e.g further away from pond = drier plants

👎
-only the species within the line/belt can be recorded = other species missed = underestimate biodiversity

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15
Q

what is a sample?

A

smaller proportion of the target population

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16
Q

what preparation is needed when sampling a habitat?

A

-suitable clothing + footwear
-apparatus
-appropriate keys to identify plants
-consider the # of samples
-results table

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17
Q

when do you calculate the value of percentage?

A

when the plants are too small or too many

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18
Q

what is a quadrat?

A

square frame

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19
Q

how is random sampling completed?

A

-generate random coordinates
-place quadrat on coordinates
-identify the plants found
-calculate percentage coverage

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20
Q

what is the equation for population size?

A

of organisms in quadrat X total size of area (sample area) / total area of quadrats

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21
Q

what is a transect used for?

A

effect of a change in a habitat on biodiversity

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22
Q

what are the 2 types of transects?

A

-line
-belt

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23
Q

how is a line transect used?

A

-line drawn through area
-record species touching the line
-fixed intervals

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24
Q

what is an advantage of using a line transect?

A

able to see the effect of a change

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25
Q

what is a disadvantage of using a line transect?

A

does not reflect the density of the species

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26
Q

what is a belt transect?

A

-tape measure with quadrats at fixed intervals

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27
Q

how is a belt transect used?

A

-quadrats at regular intervals
-identify # of species along the belt

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28
Q

what is an advantage of using a belt transect?

A

-shows the density of the species in an area
-provide more detailed data

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29
Q

what is a disadvantage of using a belt transect?

A

the sample is only take in one area of the habitat

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30
Q

why is obtaining quantitative data on animals difficult?

A

-detect the presence of humans + hide
-run away

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31
Q

what signs can we look for to find the presence of an animal?

A

-footprint
-droppings
-undigested food
-burrows/dens
-damage to environment

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32
Q

what are some methods of collecting samples of small animals (insects)?

A

1) sweep netting
2) pooter
3) collecting from trees
4) pitfall trap
5) tullgren funnel
6) light trap
7)longworth trap

33
Q

how does sweep netting work?

A

-walk through habitat with sweep net
-sweep animals

34
Q

what are some adv of sweep netting?

A

easy

35
Q

what are some disadv of sweep netting?

A

insects can fly away

36
Q

how does pooter work?

A

use pooter device to suck up insects

37
Q

what is an adv of using a pooter?

A

-suitable for low vegetation areas
-cannot run away

38
Q

what is a disadv of using a pooter?

A

only one insect at a time

39
Q

how do you collect small animal from trees?

A

-place white tree under branch
-knock branch
-vibrations dislodge insects + drop

40
Q

what is an adv of collecting from trees?

A

large sample size

41
Q

what is a disadv of collecting from trees?

A

animals can run away

42
Q

how does a pitfall trap work?

A

-small container used as a trap buried in the soil
-insects fall in
-little water = cannot run away

43
Q

what is an adv of the pitfall trap?

A

insect cannot crawl away

44
Q

what is a disadv of a pitfall trap?

A

when raining the container can fill up = insect drown

45
Q

how does a tullgrenfunnel work?

A

-leaf litter in funnel
-insect attracted to the light
-fall into jar

46
Q

what is an adv of the tullgren funnel?

A

cannot fly away

47
Q

how does a light trap work?

A

-UV light attracts insects
-collecting vessel with alcoholwh

48
Q

at is an adv of the light trap funnel?

A

cannot run away

49
Q

how does a longworth trap use?

A

-small mammals
-humane
-monitored regularly

50
Q

what is one advantage of using a longworth trap?

A

population size can be calculated

51
Q

how can you work out the total population of a species?

A

1) capture sample
2) mark each individual = C1
3) release animals and wait
4) # caught the 2nd time = C2
5) # of animals already caught the 1st time = C3
6) calculate total population = (C1 x C2) / C3

52
Q

what can affect the estimate calculated?

A

-animals learn the trap is harmless + contains food
-some don’t like the procedure + keep away

53
Q

why is measuring biodiveristy important?

A

make comparisons between different areas and the same area at the same time

54
Q

what is species richness?

A

number of different types of species in a particular area

55
Q

what does species not take into account?

A

the number of individuals = species with 1 individual carries the same weight as a species with 100 individuals

56
Q

what is species evenness?

A

comparison of the size of population of different species within a particular area

57
Q

what type of data does species evenness produce?

A

quantitative

58
Q

when both species evenness and richness increase what happens to the biodiversity?

A

biodiversity increases

59
Q

what is needed to compare the biodiversity of an area?

A

area must be sampled to obtain the number + abundance of species

60
Q

what is the equation of Simpson’s Index of Diversity?

A

D = 1 - ∑ (n/N)^2

61
Q

what is the highest possible value of D in Simpson’s Index of Diversity?

A

1

62
Q

what does a large D value show?

A

-high diversity = pace for many species + organisms
-small change to environment = affect only a small part = habitat is stable + withstand change

63
Q

what does a small D value show?

A

-low diversity = habitat dominated by a few species
-small change could destroy the whole habitat

64
Q

what does assessing genetic diversity help with?

A

assess the value of the population as a resource for conservation

65
Q

what is a simple assessment for genetic diversity?

A

look at features of individual = feature show variation = genetic diversity

66
Q

where is genetic diversity found?

A

more than one allele for a particular locus (position on gene)

67
Q

what does genetic diversity lead to ?

A

variation between individuals = easily observable = more genetic differences

68
Q

what is the equation for calculating genetic diversity?

A

P = number of polymorphic gene loci ÷ total number of loci investigated

69
Q

why is it hard to estimate biodiversity?

A

impossible to now how many species have not been discovered

70
Q

what are the human activities that have led to a decrease in biodiversity?

A

-change in environment
-alter ecosystems for food
-pollute atmosphere
-destroy habitats
-use resources

71
Q

what are the effects of agriculture on biodiveristy?

A

-clear natural vegetation = reduce size of habitat + population = reduces genetic diversity = cannot adapt to change in environment = extinct

72
Q

what are other issues that affect biodiversity?

A

-monoculture = only breeding one strain of species
-selective breeding = only using particular traits = reduces genetic diversity
-genetic erosion = loss of genes + reduced genetic diversity

73
Q

define genetic erosion

A

loss of genes + reduced genetic diversity

74
Q

how does climate change affect diversity?

A

-low genetic diversity = less variation = lass able to adapt to change + evolve

75
Q

why are migrations going to become more commonplace?

A

move to climates they are more suited to

76
Q

what are some obstructions to migration?

A

-major human development
-agricultural land
-large bodies of water
-mountain ranges

77
Q

why are domesticated plants + animals at higher risk ?

A

-little genetic variation = not able to adapt to change
-selectively bred them to provide the best yield

78
Q

when does extinction occur?

A

last living member of a species does + species ceases ot exist

79
Q

what do many scientist believe that human activity is causing?

A

the start of a great mass extinction

Biology🧬🪼 (9 decks)

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