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Biology- Porteous > 3.1.4 Proteins > Flashcards

3.1.4 Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the monomers that make up proteins called?

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

What is the formula for the amine group in an amino acid molecule?

A

NH2

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3
Q

What is the formula for the carboxyl group in an amino acid molecule?

A

COOH

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4
Q

What is the R group?

A

It represents a carbon containing side chain

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5
Q

How many amino acids are common in all organisms?

A

20

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6
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

8

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7
Q

What is the name of the reaction that bonds amino acids?

A

Condensation

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8
Q

What type of bond is formed during the condensation reaction between two amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

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9
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

The protein formed by the condensation of two amino acids

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10
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

The protein formed by the condensation of many amino acids

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11
Q

Name a property of a functional protein

A

Contain one or more polypeptide

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12
Q

What are the 6 elements found in proteins?

A 
Carbon 
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur 
Phosphorus
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13
Q

What protein catalyses reactions?

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

What protein transports substances around the body?

A

Haemoglobin

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15
Q

What protein controls movement of the body?

A

Actin and myosin in muscles

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16
Q

Which proteins function is cell recognition?

A

Antigens

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17
Q

What transport across cell surface membranes?

A

Intrinsic protein channels

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18
Q

Which proteins form connective tissue and structural components of the body?

A

Keratin

Collagen

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19
Q

Which proteins protect against invasion by foreign bodies?

A

Antibodies

20
Q

Which proteins are responsible for hormonal control?

A

Hormones (eg insulin)

21
Q

Why is there an endless variety of protein structures?

A

The 20 different amino acid monomer units can be assembled in any order

22
Q

What do you call the variable group of an amino acid?

A

R group

23
Q

What is an optical isomer?

A

Mirror image molecules made from alpha and beta amino acids

24
Q

Amino acids can act as both acids and bases, what is this called?

A

Amphoteric

25
Q

Why are amino acids described as amphoteric?

A

The amino group can accept a hydrogen which makes it act as a base whereas the carboxyl group donates hydrogen which makes it act as an acid

26
Q

Which group of an amino acid acts as a base?

A

Amino group

27
Q

Which group of an amino acid acts as an acid?

A

Carboxyl group

28
Q

What is removed when peptide bonds are formed?

A

Water

29
Q

What is primary structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids which determines its shape and function

30
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

Polypeptide chains can twist into a 3D shape, forming an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

31
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

Precise 3D structure of protein formed by the coiling of secondary proteins

32
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

Large proteins can have many polypeptide chains associated together
Non protein groups can join to polypeptides (prosthetic group)
Having both makes a quaternary structure

33
Q

What bonds are involved in primary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

34
Q

What bonds are involved in secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

35
Q

What bonds are involved in tertiary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulphide bridges

36
Q

What bonds are involved in quaternary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulphide bridges

37
Q

Describe hydrogen bonding.

A

Weak

Strong in large numbers

38
Q

Describe ionic bonding.

A

Weak
Between any carboxyl and amino groups that are not involved in forming peptide bonds
Easily broken by changes in pH

39
Q

Describe disulphide bridges.

A

Covalent

Strong

40
Q

Describe the test for proteins.

A

Biuret test
Add equal parts sodium hydroxide and solution X to a test tube
Add a few drops of copper sulphate and mix
Purple/lilac indicates a protein is present (detects peptide bonds)
No change indicated protein is not present

41
Q

What do you call a non-protein group starched to polypeptides?

A

Prosthetic group

42
Q

How do hydrogen bonds hold successive coils in an alpha helix?

A

Fibres are formed by the bonds between the NH group in one amino acid and the CO group of another

43
Q

Describe beta pleated sheets.

A

Hydrogen bonds between each parallel chain
It is a flat structure that folds
It has great strength (eg silk)

44
Q

What are the two types of protein?

A

Globular- metabolic functions

Fibrous- structural materials

45
Q

Describe globular proteins?

A 
Rounded molecules
Alpha helix’s and beta pleated sheets
Unstable
Irregular primary structure
Conservative sequence and length between species/individuals
Soluble (suspension)
46
Q

Describe fibrous proteins?

A

Parallel strands
Lots of beta pleated sheets OR lots of alpha helixes
Stable
Regular, repetitive primary structure
Variable sequences and length between species/individuals
Insoluble

Biology- Porteous (14 decks)

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