3.1.5 - variations in HS

Question 1

Male + female

Answer 1

Males = greater BOD, higher rates of premature death, higher rates of injury, lower LE.
Females = higher rates of osteoporosis, arthritis, + breast cancer.

Question 2

Biological factors that males are more prevalent in

Answer 2

• High BMI
• High blood pressure/hypertension
• Impaired glucose regulation
• Genetics - males store more fat around their abdomen (=CVD).
  **declining amounts of oestrogen at menopause.

Question 3

Sociocultural factors relating to men

Answer 3

• Unemployment - effects more severe (‘breadwinner’s = feelings of inadequacy).
• SES - males have a higher average income on FT basis.
• Cultural norms - less likely to be carers of children, contact sports, physically laborious jobs, less likely to access HC.
  **Eating disorders higher in females due to medias portrayal of beauty.

Question 4

Environmental factors relating to men.

Answer 4

Work environment
- More likely to work in trade + farming industries, outdoors, and in transport.

Question 5

Indigenous + non-indigenous

Answer 5

Indigenous = lower LE, higher mort rates, higher infant mort rates, higher BOD.

Question 6

Biological factors relating to indigenous Australians.

Answer 6

• Higher rates of high BMI (syndrome X).
• Higher rates of hypertension
• Higher rates of impaired glucose regulation.
• More likely to have low BW babies.

Question 7

Syndrome X/metabolic syndrome

Answer 7

When a person exhibits a range of factors that increase their risk of CVD + T2D).

Question 8

Sociocultural factors relating to Aboriginals.

Answer 8

• Lower SES
• Higher unemployment rates
• More social exclusion
• Higher food insecurity
• Early life experiences - higher maternal tobacco use.
• Cultural norms - less western medicine.

Question 9

Environmental factors relating to Aboriginals

Answer 9

• More likely to experience substandard housing, overcrowding, live with daily smoker, etc.
• More likely to experience inadequate water supply.
• Lower levels of access to HC
• Lower rates of adequate infrastructure (especially OMC).

Question 10

Within + outside Australia’s major cities

Answer 10

OMC - lower LE, higher BOD, higher mortality rates, etc.

Question 11

Biological factors relating to those living OMC

Answer 11

• Higher rates of high BMI
• High blood cholesterol
• Impaired glucose regulation
• Low BW
• Hypertension/high blood pressure

Question 12

Sociocultural factors relating to those living OMC

Answer 12

• Low SES
• Unemployment
• Food insecurity (cost + proximity).
• Early life experiencing (maternal tobacco)
• Social isolation (higher rates of community participation but living further away in terms of geographical distance).

Question 13

Environmental factors relating to those living OMC

Answer 13

• Poorer infrastructure
• Geographical barriers
• Greater hardships/less support in relation to climate
• Higher risk work environments.

Question 14

High + low SES

Answer 14

Lower SES groups = lower LE, greater BOD, higher infant mortality rates, higher mortality rates, etc.

Question 15

Biological factors relating to low SES.

Answer 15

• High BMI
• Hypertension/blood pressure
• Impaired glucose regulation
• Low birth weight

Question 16

Sociocultural factors relating to low SES

Answer 16

• Lower education + income
• Higher unemployment
• Social exclusion
• Food insecurity (can’t afford + lack of knowledge)
• Early life experiences (maternal tobacco use).
• Access to healthcare
• Decreased neighbourhood safety

Question 17

Environmental factors relating to low SES

Answer 17

• Geographical location (greater SES = more populated with fast food) - less sport + recreational facilities.
• Housing (lower quality).
• Work environment (dangerous working conditions).