3.2 Flashcards
(18 cards)
What is Oscar Newman’s definition of an indefensible space
Give example
Areas where crime is likely to occur
E.g. Hallways and lobbies
What are defensible spaces
What are the 4 factors that reduce crime rate
Areas with clear boundaries
Territoriality- Residents feel responsible for environment
Natural surveillance- Buildings designed to have clear sight lines
Safe image
Safe location
C.F Jeffery- What is importance of environment in relation to crime control
What does CPTED stand for
It can either create or deny criminal opportunities- we can reduce crime by changing the environment
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Sidebottom- Give 3 reasons why gated lanes reduce burglary rates
1) Provide a physical barrier- Increased effort required
2) Reduces the rewards of burglary- Can’t steal large objects
3) Gated lanes indicate the area is cared for- Links to ‘broken window’ theory
Give 2 limitations of gated lanes
1) Don’t work against criminals inside gated area
2) Restricts access for emergency services
What theory supports CPTEDs
Rational choice theory- CPTED believes offenders think rationally- If they believe they may be challenged by residents they may not offend
Give 2 criticisms of CPTED
1) Focuses on outsiders- ignores people within the environment who offend
2) Can’t prevent crime that doesn’t involve physical intrusion e.g. cyber fraud
What is the Panopticon
Who is the founder
Prison design where the cells are visible from central watchtower- Prisoners can’t see when they’re being watched so must self-surveil as if they’re being watched
Bentham
What were ASBOs
What could happen to someone who breached ASBO conditions
Anti-social Behaviour Orders- Civil orders used to deal with anti-social behaviour e.g. don’t behave noisily outside someone’s house late at night
Criminal offence- Punishable by up to 5 years in prison
What is a criticism of ASBOs
Can be a badge of honor for young offenders
What are injunctions
Aim to deal with low level annoyance
What are criminal behaviour orders (CBOs)
What are negative requirements
What are positive requirements
Deals with serious anti-social individuals
Forbids a person from doing something- e.g. can’t go certain places
Requires someone to do something e.g. drug treatment
What are token economies
Used in institutions to try and make offenders behave desirably
Uses operant conditioning (Skinner) to reinforce behaviour
What is phased discipline
Punishments get harsher, the more offences you commit
What cuts were made to budget of:
1) The police
2) The CPS
3) The Prison
1) Cut by 19%- lost 20,000 police numbers
2) Cut by quarter- Lost third of staff
3) Cut by 16%
According to Hill, what is the impact of having to check mobile phones for evidence
Has led to more failures to disclose evidence as they’re more likely to miss it- Less rape charges
What are 3 examples of crime that often go unreported
Rape- Only around 1/4 reported
Domestic abuse
White collar crime
What is the impact of new forms of harmful behaviour
May not be existing laws to forbid it
